American Samoa Energy Strategies Misty Dawn Conrad, Sean Esterly, Tim Bodell and Tim Jones Sponsored by the Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs December 2013 Produced under direction of the U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) under Interagency Agreement IAG- 10-1773 and Task No. WFF41010 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) thanks the U.S. Department of the Interior’s Office of Insular Affairs (OIA) for providing funding for this effort. In particular, NREL would like to thank OIA Assistant Secretary Eileen Sobeck for her vision and leadership in moving the energy planning process forward in the Pacific region. NREL would like to acknowledge the valuable assistance of OIA staff: Director Nikolao Pula, Angela Williams, and Mark Brown. NREL would also like to thank the American Samoa Renewable Energy Committee (ASREC) for their support in the development, review, and finalization of this strategic energy planning document and the ongoing energy transformation efforts in American Samoa. ASREC members are listed in Appendix A.3. Additionally, NREL thanks Tim Jones and the American Samoa Water Division for contributing to the content of the plan. NOTICE This manuscript has been authored by employees of the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC (“Alliance”) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 with the U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”). This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. i | Page Contents Figures .......................................................................................................................................................... iv Tables ........................................................................................................................................................... iv Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Approach ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Background ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Fossil Fuel Dependence and High Energy Costs ........................................................................................ 6 Office of Insular Affairs Energy Initiative .................................................................................................. 6 American Samoa Renewable Energy Committee Development .................................................................. 7 American Samoa Executive Order ............................................................................................................ 7 American Samoa Renewable Energy Committee Charter ........................................................................ 7 Vision ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 Mission .................................................................................................................................................. 7 Directive ................................................................................................................................................ 7 Energy Planning and Project Development .................................................................................................. 9 Policy Framework and Development ...................................................................................................... 10 Financing ................................................................................................................................................. 11 Explore Financing Options .................................................................................................................. 11 Private Sector Investment ................................................................................................................... 12 Small Island Energy Strategies .................................................................................................................... 13 Energy Literacy and Workforce Development ............................................................................................ 14 Energy Literacy ........................................................................................................................................ 14 Workforce Development ........................................................................................................................ 14 Energy Efficiency Strategies ........................................................................................................................ 15 Buildings .................................................................................................................................................. 15 Cool Roof Program .............................................................................................................................. 16 Building Design .................................................................................................................................... 16 Renewable Energy Strategies ..................................................................................................................... 18 Grid Strategies......................................................................................................................................... 18 Wind Strategies ....................................................................................................................................... 18 Solar Strategies ....................................................................................................................................... 18 ii | Page Wind and Solar Opportunities Identified ................................................................................................ 19 Geothermal Strategies ............................................................................................................................ 19 Biomass and Waste-to-Energy Strategies ............................................................................................... 20 Hydropower Strategies ........................................................................................................................... 21 Transportation Strategies ........................................................................................................................... 22 Electric Vehicles ...................................................................................................................................... 22 Water Infrastructure Energy Opportunities ............................................................................................... 23 Existing Conditions .................................................................................................................................. 23 Sustainable Water System Improvement Opportunities ........................................................................ 24 Wastewater Infrastructure Energy Considerations ................................................................................ 25 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 27 Appendix ..................................................................................................................................................... 28 A.1. A Model for Energy Planning ........................................................................................................... 28 A.2. Wedge Analyses ............................................................................................................................... 29 Methodology and Assumptions .......................................................................................................... 29 Base Case ............................................................................................................................................ 30 Low-Impact Scenario ........................................................................................................................... 31 High-Impact Scenario .......................................................................................................................... 33 A.3. American Samoa Renewable Energy Committee Members and Other Contributors