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WUDQVPLWWHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ(QTXLULHVVKRXOGEHDGGUHVVWRWKHSXEOLVKHUV Uhiyrs8r Preface..................................................................................................7 Acknowledgments..............................................................................8 Executive Summary...........................................................................9 1.Introduction......................................................................................1 2.Literature Review...........................................................................6 Introduction............................................................................................................6 Unemployment.......................................................................................................6 Immigrants and the Australian labour market........................................................10 Unemployment and immigrants................................................................................11 The Human Capital Perspective................................................................................12 The Segmentation Perspective............................................................................12 Retrenchments............................................................................................................13 Life-History Method...................................................................................................15 Conclusion..................................................................................................................16 3.Unemployment is a Dilemma......................................................17 Juan......................................................................................................................18 Gül.........................................................................................................................19 Zimin.....................................................................................................................22 Redesh...................................................................................................................24 Maria.....................................................................................................................26 Binh.......................................................................................................................28 Conclusion............................................................................................................30 4.Unemployment and the Overseas Born....................................31 An overview..........................................................................................................31 A comparison between the employed and unemployed populations..................35 A comparison amongst birthplace groups...........................................................35 Educational background............................................................................................37 Occupational background..........................................................................................39 Factors associated with unemployment..............................................................41 Individual countries of birth................................................................................42 Demographic factors..................................................................................................43 /R\DOW\LVD2QH:D\6WUHHW L Educational qualifications.........................................................................................43 English proficiency.....................................................................................................45 Length of residence in Australia................................................................................46 Conclusion............................................................................................................46 5.The Emergence of Long-term Unemployment........................49 The Australian labour market in the 1980s.......................................................49 Changes in unemployment over time14...............................................................53 The emergence of long-term unemployment.......................................................55 Employer behaviour and the LTU.......................................................................58 Survey evidence..........................................................................................................58 Case study evidence....................................................................................................60 Conclusion............................................................................................................67 6.Long-term Unemployment Amongst NESB Immigrants.......69 The NESB long-term unemployed.......................................................................69 The incidence of long-term unemployment................................................................70 Other characteristics of the long-term unemployed...........................................71 Labour market characteristics...................................................................................77 Multivariate analysis.................................................................................................78 A gender dimension....................................................................................................80 The hidden unemployed.......................................................................................83 Conclusion............................................................................................................85 7.Rational Labour Market Behaviour .........................................87 Introduction..........................................................................................................87 The Irreducible Social Dimension of Life in the Labour Market.......................87 Constructing the Characteristics of the NESB Long-term Unemployed...................89 Education...................................................................................................................94 The Decision to Migrate.............................................................................................98 Job Search Strategies of the Long-Term Unemployed.......................................99 Identity, Work and Unemployment............................................................................99 (Local) Experience....................................................................................................102 Training and Skill Formation.................................................................................103 Networks...................................................................................................................104 Conclusion..........................................................................................................105 /R\DOW\LVD2QH:D\6WUHHW LL 8.Policy Discussion.........................................................................106 The OECD approach to unemployment............................................................106 Background..............................................................................................................106 The OECD Jobs Strategy.........................................................................................107 A Critique.................................................................................................................108 The Australian neo-classical analysis...............................................................110 An Australian Keynesian approach..................................................................112 Public sector expansion............................................................................................112 Manufacturing..........................................................................................................113 Labour Market Programs - an assessment.......................................................114 Appendix 1.......................................................................................116 Bibliography....................................................................................125 /R\DOW\LVD2QH:D\6WUHHW LLL Gvssvt r Figure 4.1: Taxonomy of the Australian Labour Market, 1993 - persons.............32 Figure 4.2: Taxonomy of the Australian Labour Market, 1993 - males................33 Figure