Migrant Footballers in National Teams

Migrant Footballers in National Teams

Migrant footballers in national teams A critical reflection and alternative approach(es) to foreign- born football players at the FIFA World Cup, c. 1930-2014 G. van Campenhout, MSc. PhD Candidate ‘Sport and the Nation’ Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands vancampenhout@eshcc.eur.nl www.sportandnation.com @SportandNation French squad without migrants Steve Mandanda Rod Fanni Samir Nasri Source: Simran Khosla / Global Post (2014) International football as a prism • Recent phenomenon? • Lack of (historical) overview on migrant footballers and nationality changes in international football • Database on FIFA World Cups, 1930-2014 – Biographical data and genealogy – 9.400 cases/football players – Who counts as a migrant football player? Acquiring Citizenship Jus Soli Jus Sanguinis Source: FIFA (2017) Jus Nexi Source: van Campenhout (2017) Foreign-born proxy (Jus soli) • Foreign-born “An international migrant is a person who is living in a country other than his or her country of birth.” (UN, 2015) • Overlooks historical and geo-political contexts ➢ Territorial changes of borders ➢ Colonial relationships between states • Three approaches 1) Current state borders (2014) 2) Territorial borders at time of FIFA World Cup edition 3) Colonial ties Approach 1: 2014 Borders PERCENTAGE FOREIGN-BORN FOOTBALL PLAYERS 1930-2014, APPROACH 1 [#CASES: 913, N=9.400] 16,00% 13,96% 14,00% 12,57% 12,22% 11,95% 11,93% 12,00% 11,75% 11,55% 10,73% 10,00% 9,65% 9,63% 8,87% 8,94% 8,52% 8,71% 8,21% 8,16% 8,00% 7,67% 5,68% 6,00% 5,46% 4,00% 2,27% 2,00% 0,00% 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 Source: van Campenhout (2017) 2014: French foreign-born players Source: Conrad (2014) Approach 2: Territorial Changes PERCENTAGE FOREIGN-BORN FOOTBALL PLAYERS 1930-2014, APPROACH 2 [#CASES: 623, N=9.400] 12,00% 11,41% 10,33% 10,00% 9,09% 8,56% 8,18% 8,33% 8,00% 7,38% 7,04% 5,85% 6,00% 5,33% 5,12% 4,83% 4,62% 4,61% 4,00% 3,69% 3,44% 3,13% 2,84% 2,27% 2,00% 1,70% 0,00% 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 Source: van Campenhout (2017) Disintegrated States Yugoslavia: World Youth Champions 1987 Source: Diallo (2013) Source: BBC News (2006) Approach 3: Colonial Ties PERCENTAGE FOREIGN-BORN FOOTBALL PLAYERS 1930-2014, APPROACH 3 [#CASES: 578, N=9.400] 12,00% 11,41% 10,19% 10,00% 8,68% 8,42% 7,95% 8,00% 6,66% 6,45% 6,29% 6,00% 5,28% 4,83% 4,93% 4,61% 4,19% 4,00% 3,78% 3,44% 3,13% 2,84% 2,00% 1,70% 1,14% 1,14% 0,00% 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 Source: van Campenhout (2017) Colonial Nationals 1934: Dutch international Beb Bakhuys Portuguese national football team in 1966 Source: Alchetron (2017) | Soccernostalgia (2016) Outcomes APPROACHES FOREIGN-BORN FOOTBALL PLAYERS AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS Foreign-born Footballer C1 Foreign-born Footballer C2 Foreign-born Footballer C3 International Migrants 16,00% 14,00% 12,00% 10,00% 8,00% 6,00% 4,00% 2,00% 0,00% 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Source: van Campenhout (2017) Thank you for your attention Questions? G. van Campenhout, MSc. PhD Candidate ‘Sport and the Nation’ Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands vancampenhout@eshcc.eur.nl www.sportandnation.com @SportandNation Source: Football Whispers (2016).

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