SACRIFICING SACRIFICES: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF 1 CORINTHIANS 8:1-11:1 by Christopher D. Land, B.R.S. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of McMaster Divinity College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts McMaster Divinity College Hamilton, Ontario 2008 Master of Arts McMASTER DIVINITY COLLEGE Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Sacrificing Sacrifices: A Discourse Analysis of 1 Corinthians 8:1-11:1 AUTHOR: Christopher D. Land SUPERVISOR: Dr. Cynthia Long Westfall NUMBER OF PAGES: vi + 164 11 McMASTER DIVINITY COLLEGE Upon the recommendation of an oral examination committee, this thesis-project by Christopher Land is hereby accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Christian Studies ~h7ecG·f.{:­ ~- Dean Date: ~lA.l'i ,li 1 ~oo6. 111 ABSTRACT "Sacrificing Sacrifices: A Discourse Analysis of 1 Corinthians 8: 1-11: 1" Christopher D. Land McMaster Divinity College Hamilton, Ontario Master of Arts, 2008 The current scholarly consensus views 1 Corinthians 8: 1-11 : 1 as a coherent response to an inquiry concerning idol food. There are, however, numerous interpretive issues which remain unresolved. After providing a brief introduction to discourse analysis and to the field of Systemic Functional Linguistics, this thesis presents a model of discourse analysis which has been formulated specifically for the study of 8:1-11:1. It then examines the passage's textual, interpersonal, and ideational meanings, seeking to discern how the Greek text hangs together, what kind of social negotiation it performs, and how Paul conceives of the things he is talking about. A concluding chapter brings these three components together and presents a unified reading. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: PREVIOUS RESEARCH INTO 1 CORINTHIANS 8: 1-11: 1.. .............................. 3 CHAPTER 2: THEORY AND METHOD ..................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 3: TEXTUAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................................ 49 CHAPTER 4: INTERPERSONAL ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 5: IDEATIONAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 104 CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS ....................................... 137 APPENDIXA: IDENTITY CHAINS ........................................................................................ 140 APPENDIX B: INTERPERSONAL FEATURES ..................................................................... 143 APPENDIX C: SIMILARITY CHAINS .................................................................................... 149 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................... 157 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The Linguistic Axes ...................................................................................................... 12 Figure 2: A System Network ........................................................................................................ 13 Figure 3: A System Network Extended in Delicacy ..................................................................... 13 Figure 4: A Stratified Model of Language in Context.. ................................................................ 18 Figure 5: The Context Metafunction Rook-up Rypothesis .......................................................... 19 Figure 6: The Possible Locations ofPresupposed Information .................................................... 25 Figure 7: Personal Reference ........................................................................................................ 27 Figure 8: Speech Functions ........................................................................................................... 34 Figure 9: The Mood System ......................................................................................................... 36 Figure 10: Interrogatives ............................................................................................................... 36 Figure Il: A Semantic Figure ....................................................................................................... 43 Figure 12: A Folk Taxonomy ....................................................................................................... 45 Figure 13: Similarity Chains in Paul's Defence .......................................................................... 122 Figure 14: Participation in 10:14-22 ........................................................................................... 130 VI INTRODUCTION The thesis you are about to read has grown out of two seeds. During my undergraduate studies, 1 wrote a paper on the Christian ethic of deference to 'the weaker brother'. In the course ofresearching for this paper, 1 became very troubled by Paul's discussion ofidol food. Frankly, it just didn't make sense. This was the first seed. Then, in the early stages of my graduate studies, 1 was exposed for the first time to the field of linguistics. While 1 was intrigued by the applications of linguistic theory that 1 encountered, they too did not make any sense to me. This was the second seed. When the time came to begin my thesis, 1 encouraged these two stalks to grow together in the hope that understanding the insights of linguistics might help me to understand 1 Corinthians 8: 1-11 : 1. 1 am pleased with the results, although as always there Îs room for further growth. In Chapter 1, 1 will present the traditional interpretation of 1 Corinthians 8: 1-11 : 1. 1 will then survey recent research, drawing out specifie interpretive issues on which there is no consensus. Chapter 2 will introduce discourse analysis and will present a theoreticallinguistic framework. It will outline the descriptive categories 1 have worked with, and will explain the procedure 1 have followed in my analysis. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 are the core ofmy thesis. They contain my analysis of textual, interpersonal, and ideational meanings in 1 Corinthians 8: 1-11: 1. Chapter 6 will provide sorne concluding reflections. It is my hope that in reading this you will come to share my excitement about the avenues we might explore through the application of modern linguistics to the New Testament. 1 have 1 designed my analytic procedure with one specifie text in mind, but it could be fruitfully applied to any New Testament text. l also hope you will see that Paul's dise ourse on idol food is an intelligent and persuasive response to what was a very pressing practical problem. Whereas we all tend to dwell upon our immediate wants and needs, the cross of Christ directs our attention elsewhere. It encourages us to place our hope in an everlasting life. In bringing the cross to bear on the issue of idol food, Paul reminds the Corinthians that idol worship has disastrous etemal consequences. He encourages them to continue their own flight from idolatry, and to abstain from idol food as a warning to their idolatrous neighbours. 2 CHAPTER 1: PREVIOUS RESEARCH INTO 1 CORINTHIANS 8:1-11:1 Traditionally, most commentators have read 1 Corinthians 8:1-11:1 as Paul's response to an internaI dispute between two factions in the Corinthian church. According to this reading, sorne of the Corinthian believers (the strong) advocated the eating of pagan sacrificial food. These believers felt no qualms about idol food because, in their own words, 'Idols are insignificant; there is only one god.' Others (the weak) did have qualms about the eating of sacrificial food and felt that such food should not be eaten by Christians. Replying to an inquiry on the matter, Paul confronts the strong. He agrees in principle with their position, but urges deference out of love; the strong should not eat idol food if this behaviour will wound a fellow Christian. Later, however, he asks the weak to relax their concerns, at least with respect to marketplace food and private meals. Chapter 9, on this view, functions as an illustration of Christian self-surrender. As an aside in 10: 14-22, Paul prohibits temple attendance, which constitutes idolatry.! In his 1987 commentary on 1 Corinthians, Gordon Fee states that this traditional reading is "filled with nearly insuperable difficulties.,,2 He argues on the one hand that it fails to account for all of the text. 3 He argues on the other hand that it renders Paul incoherent and ineffective.4 1 For presentations ofthis traditional view, see Fee, "EIDWLOTHUTA," 173-74; Fee, First Epistle, 358- 59; and Cheung, Idol Food, 85-87. 2 Fee, First Corinthians, 359. 3 He daims that it does not take 8: 10 seriously and that it "neglects the combative, apologetic force of chap. 9." Fee, First Corinthians, 359. 3 Although l am not entirely convinced by Fee's own reading, he has undoubtedly put his finger on the important questions. How is it possible to read 1 Corinthians 8: 1-11 : 1 so that aIl of its parts fit together with one another? And how does the resulting whole fit together with a historical situation?5 In the eady part of the twentieth century, it was common for interpreters to conclude that 1 Corinthians does not fit together and that