Open Agriculture 2021; 6: 202–211 Research Article Susanawati*, Heri Akhmadi, Muhammad Fauzan, Zuhud Rozaki Supply chain efficiency of red chili based on the performance measurement system in Yogyakarta, Indonesia https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2021-0224 received October 16, 2020; accepted January 5, 2021 1 Introduction Abstract: This study aimed to describe the relationship Indonesia is well-known not only as a significant agrarian structure of the red chili supply chain based on actors country, but also as the largest archipelago in the world. and their activities and to measure the efficiency of the To build its national economy, priority of place has been red chili supply chain using the Performance Measuring given to the agricultural sector (Hamilton-Hart 2019). ( ) System PMS framework. The distribution of the red This strategic position of agriculture vis-à-vis the national chili supply chain in this study began with farmers in economy (Morley et al. 2019) translates into its primacy in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, and extended to consumers development efforts, its role as a source of national income, - in Jakarta, Indonesia. The sampling technique was car and its contribution to poverty reduction (Libin 2018). ried out in several stages for 132 respondents consisting One of the subsectors of agricultural development of red chili farmers and consumers. The supply chain consists of horticultural crops. Horticulture comprises relationship structure was analyzed descriptively, while several types of potential commodities such as vegeta- the efficiency of the red chili supply chain was examined bles, fruits, ornamental plants, and biopharmaceuticals. using the PMS framework, including indicators of pro- An increase in Indonesian vegetable production occurred duction costs, transaction costs, profits, and return on in 2013–2017, and as depicted in Figure 1, this increase investment. The results revealed that the relationship was most pronounced in 2015–2016, at 3.87%. structure of the red chili supply chain was formed by With regard to particular vegetable crops, Indonesian three chains consisting of eight actors: farmers, mid- consumers are very fond of chilies (Capsicum annuum L.), dlemen, wholesalers at the regency level, auction mar- and they use them as a complementary ingredient in kets, Kramat Jati Central Market or Pasar Induk Kramat many of their dishes (Zamrodah and Pintakami 2020). Jati (PIKJ) dealers, PIKJ centeng, retailers, and consu- Chilies can thus be seen as an important commodity mers. According to production costs, transaction costs, favored by consumers which meets their household profits, and the rate of return on investment, chain three needs (Amaral et al. 2019). Additionally, chilies are was the most efficient with chain actors comprising farmers – used as raw material in the chili processing and medicine auction markets – wholesalers at the regency level – PIKJ or herbal medicine industries. In general, chilies contain dealers – PIKJ centeng – retailers – consumers. many nutrients and vitamins, including calories, protein, Keywords: efficiency, supply chain, performance mea- fat, carbohydrates, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B1, and surement system, red chili vitamin C (Karyani et al. 2020). Although chili is not a staple food, its high consump- tion in Indonesia, given its use in daily cooking, indicates that it is a high demand commodity. Gaging the relation- ship between consumer demand and availability, the price of chilies is likely to fluctuate and thereby impact * Corresponding author: Susanawati, Department of Agribusiness, the national economy (Chen Van et al. 2017). Table 1 Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, 55183, presents the development of chili consumption data in Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected] Indonesia in 2010–2014. It signifies that the development Heri Akhmadi, Muhammad Fauzan, Zuhud Rozaki: Department of Agribusiness, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, of chili consumption had an average growth rate of 20% 55183, Indonesia per year. Open Access. © 2021 Susanawati et al., published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Supply chain efficiency of red chili in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 203 while production outside of Java contributed 43.21% Vegetable Production (Yanuarti and Afsari 2016). 12.60 One of the red chili production base areas in Java 12.40 2017, 12.48 Island is the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY). There 12.20 2016, 12.08 are four red chili producing regencies in DIY: Kulon Progo, 12.00 2014, 11.92 Sleman, Bantul, and Gunungkidul, which are presented in MILLIONS TON 11.80 Table 3. This table shows that the highest red chili produc- 11.60 2015, 11.63 2013, 11.56 tivity was in Kulon Progo, with an average productivity of 11.40 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 9tons/hectare. Kulon Progo Regency as a center for red chili produc- Figure 1: Trend of vegetable production in Indonesia in 2013–2017. tion not only meets the needs of the region, but also ( ) Source: Ministry of Agriculture Republic Indonesia 2018 . outside areas such as Jakarta, Malang, Surabaya, and Lampung. The process of red chili distribution to con- Table 1: Development of chili consumption in Indonesia sumers is inseparable from the supply chain concept. (2010–2014) More specifically, the supply chain covers all interac- tions between suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, Types of chili Consumption (kg/Capita/Year) Total and customers (Yildiz and Ahi 2020). This interaction 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 among stakeholders is managed in order to achieve a sustainable supply chain (Giacomarra et al. 2019) and Red chili 1.528 1.497 1.653 1.424 1.460 7.562 provide a value creation (Pucci et al. 2018).Moreover,a pepper supply chain can be defined as the set of relationships Green chili 0.256 0.261 0.214 0.198 0.214 1.143 - Cayenne 1.298 1.210 1.403 1.272 1.262 6.445 between companies or activities which carry out the dis pepper tribution of the supply of goods or services from the Total 3.082 2.968 3.270 2.894 2.936 15.150 place of origin to the place of the buyer or customers (Assauri 2011). In the horizontal perspective, there are Source: Ministry of Agriculture (2015). five major actors in the supply chain: supplier, manu- ( Red chilies are one of the major agricultural products facturer, wholesaler, retailer, and customer Sunny et al. ) fi in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. As presented in 2020 . In the vertical perspective, there are ve major - Table 2, from 2014 to 2017, the harvested area for chili components of the supply chain: buyer, carrier, ware ( ) pepper in this region displayed an upward trend; more houses storage , customer, and seller. ( specifically, it decreased by 0.85% from 2014 to 2015 and The supply chain evolves in three parts Anatan ) increased from 2016 to 2017. 2010 , namely, the upstream supply chain, the internal We chose to investigate red chili because of its high supply chain, and the downstream supply chain. Chopra ( ) demand, high selling price, and good market prospects, and Meidl 2004 claim that the supply chain is dynamic fl as evidenced by consumer interest and yearly price and covers the ow of information, products, and money - increases. In addition, it has a reasonably good mar- at the supply chain level. Moreover, a supply chain con keting area and can be planted in various environments sists of parties involved either directly or indirectly in - such as coastal areas, medium plains, and highlands response to customers, and these parties include manu (Romeida et al. 2020). National red chili production during facturing, suppliers, transportation, warehouses, 2006–2015 contributed an average of 50.79% per year, Table 3: Development of red chili production in DIY (2011–2015) (in tons) Table 2: Harvested area of seasonal vegetable plants by plant type Regency Year in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (2014–2017)(in hectares) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 No Types of plants Year Kulon Progo 10,722.6 11,581.6 10,920.8 12,507.5 16,828.0 Sleman 2,785.5 2,859.9 4,193.8 3,615.7 4,430.7 2014 2015 2016 2017 Bantul 525.1 1,670.2 1,765.1 1,224.4 1,969.3 1 Chili pepper 2,791 2,767 3,376 3,581 Gunungkidul 336.9 345.3 253.8 253.8 159.9 2 Cayenne pepper 1,256 925 1,072 1,353 DIY 14,370.1 16,457.0 17,133.5 17,601.4 23,387.9 Source: Statistics of D.I. Yogyakarta (2017). Source: Statistics of D.I. Yogyakarta (2016). 204 Susanawati et al. retailers, and customers. Meanwhile, Vorst (2004) explains supply chain, including the red chili commodity. Moreover, that the supply chain constitutes several physical activities the measurement of supply chain performance efficiency and decision-making processes related to the flow of sub- plays an important role in determining the condition of a stances, information, and money. Physical flow concerns company (Pohlmann et al. 2020), whether it has decreased the movement of products from supplier to customer, or increased in scope and productivity, and what improve- while information flow concerns the number of requests, mentsshouldbemadetoimprovethecompany’sperfor- supply chain network coordination, delivery status, and mance (Sufa et al. 2016). In addition, inefficiency is another payment information (Athaillah and Hamid 2018). Finan- issueinthefoodsupplychainforcommoditiessuchasred cial flow includes cash and credit payments and payment chili (Kamble et al. 2020). Therefore, it is necessary to con- schedules. In the supply chain itself, the meaning of the duct a study to describe the relationship structure of the red flow of material from the beginning to the consumer takes chili supply chain in terms of actors and activities, and the into account the factors of timeliness, cost, and number of efficiency of the supply chain based on the performance products (Aquilano 2006).