DevelopmentontheMove MeasuringandOptimisingMigration’sEconomicandSocialImpacts LauraChappell,RamonaAngelescu-Naqvi,GeorgeMavrotas andDhananjayanSriskandarajah WWW.IPPR.ORG MIGRATION 2 DevelopmentontheMove| Aboutippr Aboutippr TheInstituteforPublicPolicyResearch(ippr)istheUK’sleadingprogressivethinktank, producingcutting-edgeresearchandinnovativepolicyideasforajust,democraticand sustainableworld. Since1988,wehavebeenattheforefrontofprogressivedebateandpolicymakinginthe UK.Throughourindependentresearchandanalysiswedefinenewagendasforchange andprovidepracticalsolutionstochallengesacrossthefullrangeofpublicpolicyissues. WithofficesinbothLondonandNewcastle,weensureouroutlookisasbroad-basedas possible,whileourGlobalChangeprogrammeextendsourpartnershipsandinfluence beyondtheUK,givingusatrulyworld-classreputationforhighqualityresearch. ippr,30-32SouthamptonStreet,LondonWC2E7RA,UK T:+44(0)2074706100|E:[email protected] www.ippr.org. RegisteredCharityNo.800065 AboutGDN GDN–theGlobalDevelopmentNetwork–isasmall,independentinternational organisationthatalliesresearchersandinstitutesindevelopmentglobally.GDNaimsto supportresearchersindevelopingandtransitioncountriestogenerateandshareapplied socialscienceresearchtoadvancesocialandeconomicdevelopment.Itwasfoundedin 1999onthepremisethatgoodpolicyresearch,properlyapplied,canaccelerate developmentandimprovepeople’slives.GDN’scorebusinessisresearchcapacity building.Theaspirationistoachieveacriticalmassofresearcherswhoareglobally interconnectedandproducegoodresearchtoinformpublicpolicy. www.gdnet.org ThisreportwasfirstpublishedinMay2010. ©ipprandGDN2010 3 Foreword ThisreportcapturesthemainresultsfromDevelopmentontheMove:Measuringand OptimisingMigration’sEconomicandSocialImpacts,ajointprojectoftheGlobal DevelopmentNetwork(GDN)andtheInstituteforPublicPolicyResearch(ippr).We believethatthisprojectisauniqueandimportantcontributiontothestudyofoneofthe mostimportantphenomenaofourtime:internationalmigration.Itisaground-breaking globalresearchprojectthathasgatherednew,comparativequalitativeandquantitative dataaboutmigration’sdevelopmentimpacts.Ithasdonesothroughanambitious methodologyinvolvingprimaryresearchinsevencountries,acrosssixcontinents.The researchershavespokentoclosetoahundredthousandpeopleandgatheredcomparable in-depthdatafromalmost10,000households. Theprojecthasalsobeenambitiouslybroad,lookingatawiderangeofmigration’s developmentimpacts,thinkingabouthowmigrationasawhole affectsdevelopmentasa whole.Andtheprojectisuniquelypolicyfocused,withpolicymakerinputsatvariousstages oftheresearchandwithfresh,workablepolicyideasasoneofthekeyprojectgoals. Therangeofoutputstheprojecthasproducedisdiverse,includingworkshops,aworking paperseries,ashortfilm,ahouseholddatasetandasetofin-depthcountrystudies,andthis finalreport.InkeepingwiththespiritofGDN’sandippr’sobjectives,allmaterialsfromthis project(includingoursurveyinstrumentsandthedata)willbemadeavailableinthepublic domain,viaourwebsites.Thisreport,tobereadinconjunctionwiththeotheroutputs, summarisestheworkofthelastthree-and-a-halfyears,settingoutwhatwasdone,whathas beenfound,whatitmeansforpolicymakers,andwhatwehavelearntfromtheprocess. Theprojectowesitssuccesstothehardworkofcountlesspeople.Whilemanyofthese peoplearethankedintheacknowledgementssectionofthereport,wewouldliketonote ourparticulargratitudetotwogroupsofpeople.First,totheinternationalgroupof donors,withoutwhosesupportGDNandipprcouldnothaveembarkedonsucha project.AndsecondlytothemanycolleaguespastandpresentatGDNandipprwhohave contributedtothisprojectoverthelastfewyears. AtGDN,weareparticularlygratefultoLynSquire(theformerPresident),whoplayeda criticalroleingettingtheprojectofftheground;RamonaAngelescuNaqvi,whohasbeen theintellectual,strategicandadministrativebackboneoftheprojectfromevenbeforeit wasstarted;andGeorgeMavrotasforhisintellectualleadership,academicadviceand econometricexpertiseduringthelifeoftheprojectandforbeinginstrumentalatthe crucialdisseminationstage.AtipprweareincrediblygratefultoLauraChappellwhohas workedtirelesslytocoordinateeveryaspectofthisverylargeproject,andneverlosingher infectiousenthusiasmforthevalueofwhatwehavebeenworkingtowards. Finally,wewantedtounderlinethecollaborativenatureofthisendeavour.GDNandippr havetriedfromtheoutsettoensurethatDevelopmentontheMove hasbeenanopen andcollaborativeendeavourbetweenpartnersfromallovertheworldhopingtolearn fromoneanotherwhileaddingtotheglobalstockofknowledge.Wehopethatwhatwe haveproducedwillbeofusetoresearchersandpolicymakersforyearstocome.Whilethis reportmarkstheendofthisproject,wewouldbedelightedtohearfrompeoplewho havecommentsandsuggestionsonhowtotakethisendeavourforward.Itisapromising beginningbuthopefullymuchmorecanbelearned,takingadvantageofthispath- breakingglobalresearchproject. DhananjayanSriskandarajah (ProjectDirector) GerardodellaPaolera (President,GDN) CareyOppenheimandLisaHarker (Co-Directors,ippr) May2010 5 Contents Abouttheauthors...................................................................................................6 Acknowledgements.................................................................................................7 Glossary...................................................................................................................9 Executivesummary...............................................................................................11 1.Introduction......................................................................................................22 2.Methodology...................................................................................................25 3.Patternsofmigration,remittancesandotherinteractions.............................34 4.Migration’sdevelopmentimpacts...................................................................57 5.Whatcanpolicymakersdo?.............................................................................93 6.Whathavewelearnt?....................................................................................109 References...........................................................................................................111 6 DevelopmentontheMove| Abouttheauthors Abouttheauthors ThisprojectreportwaswrittenforGDNandipprbyLauraChappellwithRamona Angelescu-Naqvi,GeorgeMavrotasandDhananjayanSriskandarajah. LauraChappell isaSeniorResearchFellowatipprandisProjectCoordinatorof DevelopmentontheMove.DuringhertimeatipprLaurahasauthoredandediteda numberofipprpublicationsonmigrationanddevelopmentandtheeconomicimpactsof migrationontheUK,andwrittenpapersforotherorganisationsincludingtheGlobal ForumonMigrationandDevelopment,theOECDandUNDP.Laurahasalsoregularly commentedonmigrationissuesinthemedia,includingontheBBCNewsChannel,More 4News,BloombergTVandBBCWorldService,andintheGuardian,theEconomistand BBCOnline.PreviouslyLauraworkedasanODIfellowatthePacificIslandsForum SecretariatinFiji,andwiththeLiberalDemocratPolicyandResearchUnitonTreasury issues.LauraholdsanMScwithDistinctioninDevelopmentEconomicsfromtheSchool ofOrientalandAfricanStudies,andaBAinPhilosophy,PoliticsandEconomicsfromthe UniversityofOxford.ShewasawardedtheSOASTaughtMastersPrize2003–2004. RamonaAngelescu-Naqvi isSeniorPoliticalScientistandProgramManageratGDN, withgeneraloversightoftheresearchprogramme.Sheiscurrentlyleadingseveralglobal andinter-regionalresearchprojectsatGDN:onmigration,governanceandpublicservice delivery,publicexpenditureaccountability,commoditydependenceandglobal governance.RamonaalsomanagestherelationshipwithGDN’sRegionalNetwork Partners,overseestheperiodicmonitoringandevaluationexercisesandsupportsthe Presidentinfundraisinginitiativeswithbilateralandmultilateraldonors.Ramona receivedherMAinPoliticalSciencefromNorthwesternUniversity,UnitedStateswhere shespecialisedinComparativePoliticalEconomyandResearchMethods,andherBAin PoliticalScience/InternationalRelationsandBusinessAdministrationfromHopeCollege, USA.Herresearchfocusesmainlyonforeigndirectinvestment,migration,transition economies,governanceandcorruption.Herrecentpublicationsinclude‘LocalResearch, GlobalGovernance:AChallengeforInstitutionalDesign’(GlobalGovernanceJournal, 2006)and‘CapacityBuildingandPolicyImpact:TheExperienceofGDN’(WorldBank, 2005).PriortojoiningGDN,sheworkedinstrategyconsultingintheUnitedStatesas wellasattheUSChamberofCommerceandTheWorldBank. GeorgeMavrotas istheChiefEconomistatGDN.HeisalsoaVisitingProfessorat CERDI,UniversityofAuvergne,ClermontFerrand,France,andanon-residentFellowat theUnitedNationsUniversityInstituteonComparativeRegionalIntegrationStudies (UNU-CRIS).HewasformerlyaSeniorFellowandProjectDirectorattheWorldInstitute forDevelopmentEconomicsResearchoftheUnitedNationsUniversity(UNU-WIDER) andpriortothatontheEconomicsFacultiesoftheUniversitiesofOxfordand Manchester.Georgehasmorethan20yearsofexperienceinworkingwithdonoragencies andgovernmentsindevelopingcountriesonawiderangeofdevelopmentissues.Hehas alsoservedasamemberofvariousinternationalcommitteesandasanadvisertomany internationalorganisations.Hehaspublishedmorethan120papersandninebookson developmentissues.HeholdsaDPhilinEconomicsandanMScinDevelopment Economics(withdistinction)fromOxford,anMAinEconomicsandEconometricsfrom theUniversityofLondonandaBSc(Econ.)fromtheAthensUniversityofEconomics. DhananjayanSriskandarajah hasbeenDirectoroftheRoyalCommonwealthSociety sinceJanuary2009.From2004to2009,heheldvariouspostsatippr,includingheadof migrationresearchandDeputyDirector.Hisresearchinterestsincludeinternational migration,economicdevelopment,thepoliticaleconomyofconflict,andethnicdiversity. Dannyisauthorofnumerousreportsandacademicarticles,writesregularlyinthepress