ORIGINAL ARTICLE Our Surgical Heritage: Great Scots of Anatomy and Surgery Rao R Ivatury ABSTRACT Background: The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, established in 1505 as the Barber Surgeons of Edinburgh was one of the oldest medical organizations in the world. Materials and methods: Literature review of the history of great Scottish surgeons of the 18th and 19th centuries and their accomplishments. Conclusion: Edinburgh and Scotland in the 18th and 19th centuries were renowned for their cutting-edge medicine and surgery. Clinical significance: A history of our surgical heritage. Keywords: Historical review, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Scottish anatomists and surgeons, Surgeons’ Hall museums. Panamerican Journal of Trauma, Critical Care & Emergency Surgery (2021): 10.5005/jp-journals-10030-1315 INTRODUCTION Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, The author was invited to deliver the 2018 annual “Sir Astley Cooper Virginia, USA Lecture” by the British Hernia Society in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Corresponding Author: Rao R Ivatury, Department of Surgery, Virginia topic was “reflections on the open abdomen”. The preparation Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA, Phone: +1 804 for this occasion recalled that open abdomen was an original 6511575, email: [email protected] contribution by a great surgeon of Scottish origin, Sir Heneage How to cite this article: Ivatury RR. Our Surgical Heritage: Great Scots Ogilvie.1,2 The chance to learn about pioneer Scottish Surgeons of Anatomy and Surgery. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg and their remarkable contributions to the evolution of modern 2021;10(1):8–15. science led to further research. The visits to the Royal Infirmary Source of support: Nil and the Surgeons’ Hall museums3 were awe-inspiring as was the Conflict of interest: None history of Scottish surgery. A product of this experience, this report reviews the pioneering contributions of these great Scots to our specialty of emergency surgery and critical care. It aims to stimulate a thirst for history in young surgeons. Constraints of space will focus this communication on selected, eminent Scottish surgeons from the 18th and 19th centuries. Rise of Scottish Medical Institutions4 The Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (1599) and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (1681) were established in the early modern period. In the 18th century, the University of Edinburgh Medical School, together with the Royal Infirmary (established in 1729), was responsible for the systematic teaching of medicine. King George III, in 1778, granted a new charter giving the surgeons’ corporation the title “The Royal College of Surgeons of the City of Edinburgh”. These august establishments would produce some of the greatest Scottish doctors. Scottish medicine rose up to its peak as the world leader. Fig. 1: Alexander Monro Primus Medical Dynasties of Scotland Scotland had many medical dynasties in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The Monros5–9 and the Bells10–12 lead 1713 where he became proficient in languages (Greek, Latin, and the list. The Monros chaired the Department of Anatomy at the French), natural philosophy, and mathematics. He was a student Edinburgh University for a collective 120 years starting from 1720. of anatomy under the renowned William Cheselden and the great Successive generations of Bells became the Presidents of the Royal Herman Boerhaave. He was appointed University Chair of Anatomy College of Surgeons, Edinburgh. in 1720, even though critics blamed it on nepotism from his father.6 6 In 1726, Monro published his magnum opus, The Anatomy of the Alexander Monro Primus (1697–1767) Human Bones. Even without any illustrations, it was so popular Surgeon and anatomist, Alexander Monro Primus (Fig. 1), was born that it went for seven editions. In 1729, he rented a house with in London and attended the University of Edinburgh from 1710 to six beds for taking care of the sick poor. Here, he taught students © Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. 2021 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and non-commercial reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Great Scots Fig. 2: Alexander Monro Secundus Fig. 3: Benjamin Bell anatomy and lectured using wax models. This house formed the the founding Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His treatise roots of the Edinburgh Infirmary! A philanthropist and a man with on venereal disease was one of the early works that suggested great personal magnetism, he died from rectal cancer in 1767. syphilis and gonorrhea were different diseases.11 Bell’s main Monro’s other major contributions were founding the Society for contribution to surgical practice was his emphasis on saving skin the Improvement of Medical Knowledge (forerunner of the Royal and on routine pain relief in surgery. He was well known for his Society of Edinburgh) and “Medical Essays and Observations”, six-volume textbook, A System of Surgery that went on to seven regarded as the first regular medical journal in Britain; one of the editions in multiple languages.10 first in the world, and the first journal to introduce peer review.7,8 Dynasty 9 Alexander Monro Secundus (1733–1817) The Bell dynasty includes Benjamin Bell’s sons George Bell (1777– Monro Secundus (Fig. 2) was the second and most accomplished 1832), Robert Bell (1782–1861), and William Bell (1783–1849), all Monro. He was born in Edinburgh. In 1753, at the age of 20, he was surgeons and Fellows of the Royal College. Another son, Joseph, precociously named joint Professor of Medicine and Anatomy! He grandson Benjamin and great-grandson Joseph (1837–1911), all studied anatomy first in London under William Hunter and then surgeons in Edinburgh, became presidents of the Royal College of with the German legend, Johann Meckel in Leiden. He took over Surgeons of Edinburgh. His great-grandson Joseph Bell (1837–1911) his father’s class and full duties of the professorship in 1758. He was known for his diagnostic acumen, and for his powers of became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh observation.10,11 in 1759 and served as President from 1779 to 1782. He taught at Edinburgh University for 50 years and was the most influential Curious Anecdote anatomy professor in the English-speaking world. In 1764, he There was a young medical student by the name of Arthur Conan described his discovery of a foramen (foramen of Monro) between Doyle, who was keenly impressed by Joseph Bell. Doyle created the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle but did not publish the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes, fashioned after Bell.10,11 A this till 1783. Two of his most successful books were “Observations letter written in 1892 by Doyle to Bell and displayed at the Surgeons' on the Structure and Function of the Nervous System” and “Three Hall Museums3 in Edinburgh makes the influence clear: “It is most Treatises on the Brain, the Eye, and the Ear”. In 1783, he established certainly to you that I owe Sherlock Holmes”. Also at the museum his doctrine that came to be called the Monroe-Kellie Doctrine. (It was this note as Doyle recounted the creation of Holmes. “I thought was confirmed by his former student Kellie 40 years later.) of my old teacher Joe Bell, of his eagle face, of his curious ways, of Monro was a friendly, gregarious but argumentative man. He his eerie trick of spotting details”. had an attack of apoplexy in 1813 and died in 1817. John Hunter (1728–1793) “Father of Modern Scientific The Bells: Benjamin Bell (1749–1806), Father of Surgery”13–15 Edinburgh School of Surgery John Hunter (Fig. 4), one of the most distinguished scientists and The next famous dynasty of Scotland was the Bells.10–12 Benjamin surgeons of his day, was born in 1728. Even though he was an Bell (Fig. 3) was born in Dumfries on September 6, 1749, and indifferent student, he had the good fortune of support from his studied medicine at Edinburgh University. His mentors were elder brother William, who allowed him to assist with dissections the distinguished Alexander Monro secundus, John Hunter and in his anatomy school. He soon became an expert in anatomy and Percivall Pott. At the age of 24, he was elected one of four attendant built up a collection of specimens, nearly 14,000 of skeletons and surgeons to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, where he would organs of animals. remain for 18 years. A fall from horseback in 1775 lead to a hiatus Hunter studied under William Cheselden at Chelsea Hospital in surgical practice but gave him the time to write and reflect. and Percival Pott at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. After a career in Later, he went into practice in Edinburgh with two distinguished the army, he set up his own anatomy school in London in 1764 and surgeons and established a huge practice. In 1783, he was one of his private surgical practice in 1776. His surgical practice could not Panamerican Journal of Trauma, Critical Care & Emergency Surgery, Volume 10 Issue 1 (January–April 2021) 9 Great Scots Fig. 4: John Hunter Fig. 5: James Syme support his passion for anatomic dissection. Like other anatomists new regulations, Hunter furiously supported two of his applicants, of the era, he engaged grave robbers for his supply of cadavers. lost his temper, collapsed, and died.14,15 In 1783, Hunter moved to a large house in Leicester Square to The evil deeds of Home, Hunter’s brother-in-law, and partner establish a teaching museum with his large collection of thousands nearly annihilated the Hunterian documents and research papers.