IUFRO World Series Volume 33 Volume Series World IUFRO IUFRO World Series Volume 33 – Forests, Trees and Landscapes for Food Security and Nutrition Food for and Landscapes Trees 33 – Forests, Volume Series World IUFRO Forests, Trees and Landscapes for Food Security and Nutrition A Global Assessment Report Editors: Bhaskar Vira, Christoph Wildburger, Stephanie Mansourian 2015 IUFRO World Series Vol. 33 Forests, Trees and Landscapes for Food Security and Nutrition A Global Assessment Report Editors: Bhaskar Vira, Christoph Wildburger, Stephanie Mansourian Funding support for this publication was provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland, the United States Forest Service, and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management. The views expressed within this publication do not necessarily reflect official policy of the governments represented by these institutions. Publisher: International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Recommended catalogue entry: Bhaskar Vira, Christoph Wildburger & Stephanie Mansourian (eds.), 2015. Forests, Trees and Landscapes for Food Security and Nutrition. A Global Assessment Report. IUFRO World Series Volume 33. Vienna. 172 p. ISBN 978-3-902762-40-5 ISSN 1016-3263 Published by: International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Available from: IUFRO Headquarters Secretariat Marxergasse 2 1030 Vienna Austria Tel: +43-1-877-0151-0 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.iufro.org Language editor: Stephanie Mansourian Layout: Schrägstrich Kommunikationsdesign Cover photographs: Terry Sunderland, Terry Sunderland, Miguel Pinedo-Vasquez Rightmost photograph originally published as fig. 4.6. in Parrotta and Trosper (2012). Reprinted with kind permission from Springer + Business Media B.V. Printed in Austria by Eigner Druck, Tullner Straße 311, 3040 Neulengbach Preface Connecting the dots ith the establishment of the Global Forest Expert Panels (GFEP) initiative in the year 2007, the Collabo- rative Partnership on Forests (CPF) created an international mechanism which effectively links scientific Wknowledge with political decision-making on forests. The GFEP responds directly to key forest-related policy questions by consolidating available scientific knowledge and expertise on these questions at a global level. It provides decision-makers with the most relevant, objective and accurate information, and thus makes an essential contribution to international forest governance. This report entitled “Forests, Trees and Landscapes for Food Security and Nutrition” presents the results of the fourth global scientific assessment undertaken so far in the framework of GFEP. Previous assessments addressed the adaptation of forests and people to climate change; international forest governance; and the relationship between biodiversity, carbon, forests and people. All assessment reports were prepared by internationally recognised scientists from a variety of biophysical and social science disciplines. They have all been presented to decision-makers across relevant inter- national policy fora. In this way, GFEP supports a more coherent policy dialogue about the role of forests in addressing broader environmental, social and economic challenges. The current report reflects the importance of policy coherence and integration more than any previous GFEP assessment. It comes at a time when the United Nations General Assembly seeks to adopt a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which build upon the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and converge with the post-2015 development agenda. In this context, the eradication of hunger, realisation of food security and the improvement of nutrition are of particular relevance. By 2050, the international community will face the challenge of providing 9 billion people with food, shelter and energy. Despite impressive productivity increases, there is growing evidence that conventional agricultural strategies will fall short of eliminating global hunger and malnutrition. The assessment report in hand provides comprehensive scientific evidence on how forests, trees and landscapes can be – and must be - an integral part of the solution to this global problem. In other words, we must connect the dots and see the bigger picture. The review of the International Arrangement on Forests by the member states of the United Nations Forum on Forests provides a unique opportunity to integrate forests into the SDGs in a holistic manner and to promote synergies in the im- plementation of the post-2015 development agenda across multiple levels of governance. It is my hope that those with a responsibility for forests, food security and nutrition at all levels will find this report, and its accompanying policy brief, a useful source of information and inspiration. Alexander Buck IUFRO Executive Director 6 7 Acknowledgements This publication is the product of the collaborative work of scientific experts in the framework of the Global Forest Expert Panel on Forests and Food Security, who served in different capacities as panel members and authors. We express our sincere gratitude to all of them: Bina Agarwal, Sarah Ayeri Ogalleh, Frédéric Baudron, Sammy Carsan, Paolo Cerutti, Josephine Chambers, Ian K. Dawson, Neil M. Dawson, Beatrice Darko Obiri, Elizabeth Deakin, Ann Degrande, Jason Donovan, Jennie Dey de Pryck, Samson Foli, Lisa Fuchs, Amos Gyau, Gordon Hickey, Amy Ickowitz, Miyuki Iiyama, Ramni Jamnadass, Katy Jeary, Gudrun Keding, Katja Kehlenbeck, Daniela Kleinschmit, Christophe Kouame, Godwin Kowero, Patti Krist- janson, Adrian Martin, Stepha McMullin, Henry Neufeldt, Mary Njenga, Vincent O. Oeba, Daniel Ofori, Hemant R. Ohja, Pablo Pacheco, Christine Padoch, John A. Parrotta, Bronwen Powell, Nitin D. Rai, Patrick Ranjatson, James Reed, Mirjam Ros-Tonen, Chris Sandbrook, Jolien Schure, Anca Serban, Bimbika Sijapati Basnett, Carsten Smith- Hall, Barbara Stadlmayr, Terry Sunderland, Celine Termote, Tran Nam Tu, Patrick Van Damme, Nathalie van Vliet, Barbara Vinceti and Solomon Zena Walelign. Without their voluntary efforts and commitment the preparation of this publication would not have been possible. We acknowledge and sincerely thank the reviewers of the full report and the various chapters whose comments have greatly improved the quality of this publication: Eduardo Brondizio, Carol Colfer, Martina Kress, Eric Lambin, Kae Mihara, Sarah Milne, Ellen Muehlhoff, Ben Phalan, Dominique Reeb, Patricia Shanley and Ingrid Visseren-Hamakers. We also gratefully acknowledge the generous financial and in-kind support provided by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, the United States Forest Service, and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management. Our special thanks go to the IUFRO Secretariat for providing indispensable administrative and technical support to the work of the Panel. Furthermore, we would like to thank the member organisations of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests for providing overall guidance to the Panel. We are particularly grateful also to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, Rome, Italy), to the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia), the University of Cambridge (UK) and to the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF, Delhi, India) for hosting expert meetings. Bhaskar Vira Christoph Wildburger Stephanie Mansourian Panel Chair GFEP Coordinator Content Editor 8 9 Contents Preface 5 Acknowledgements 7 Acronyms, Units and Symbols 10 1 Introduction Forests, Trees and Landscapes for Food Security and Nutrition 13 Coordinating lead author: Bhaskar Vira Lead authors: Bina Agarwal, Ramni Jamnadass, Daniela Kleinschmit, Stepha McMullin, Stephanie Mansourian, Henry Neufeldt, John A. Parrotta, Terry Sunderland and Christoph Wildburger 2 Understanding the Roles of Forests and Tree-based Systems in Food Provision 25 Coordinating lead authors: Ramni Jamnadass and Stepha McMullin Lead authors: Miyuki Iiyama and Ian K. Dawson Contributing authors: Bronwen Powell, Celine Termote, Amy Ickowitz, Katja Kehlenbeck, Barbara Vinceti, Nathalie van Vliet, Gudrun Keding, Barbara Stadlmayr, Patrick Van Damme, Sammy Carsan, Terry Sunderland, Mary Njenga, Amos Gyau, Paolo Cerutti, Jolien Schure, Christophe Kouame, Beatrice Darko Obiri, Daniel Ofori, Bina Agarwal, Henry Neufeldt, Ann Degrande and Anca Serban 3 The Historical, Environmental and Socio-Economic Context of Forests and Tree-Based Systems for Food Security and Nutrition 51 Coordinating lead author: John A. Parrotta Lead authors: Jennie Dey de Pryck, Beatrice Darko Obiri, Christine Padoch, Bronwen Powell and Chris Sandbrook Contributing authors: Bina Agarwal, Amy Ickowitz, Katy Jeary, Anca Serban, Terry Sunderland and Tran Nam Tu 4 Drivers of Forests and Tree-based Systems for Food Security and Nutrition 87 Coordinating lead author: Daniela Kleinschmit Lead authors: Bimbika Sijapati Basnett, Adrian Martin, Nitin D. Rai and Carsten Smith-Hall Contributing authors: Neil M. Dawson, Gordon Hickey, Henry Neufeldt, Hemant R. Ojha and Solomon Zena Walelign 5 Response Options Across the Landscape 113 Coordinating lead author: Terry Sunderland Lead authors: Frédéric Baudron, Amy Ickowitz, Christine Padoch, Mirjam Ros-Tonen, Chris Sandbrook and Bhaskar Vira Contributing authors: Josephine Chambers, Elizabeth Deakin, Samson Foli, Katy Jeary, John A. Parrotta, Bronwen Powell, James Reed, Sarah Ayeri Ogalleh, Henry Neufeldt and Anca Serban 6 Public Sector, Private Sector and Socio-Cultural