Uniwersystet Łódźki Instytut Archeologii „Aelia Capitolina – Roman Jerusalem and the military camp of the X Legion “Fretensis". Tomasz Janczewski Praca napisana pod kierwonictwem pani Prof. dr hab. Ilona Skupińska-Lovset Łódź 2016 Contents Bibliography: .............................................................................................................................. 3 List of Ilustrations: ................................................................................................................... 13 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 15 History of research ............................................................................................................... 18 History of Roman occupation in the east. Chronological and geographical borders. ........ 24 Chapter I ................................................................................................................................... 33 Roman Jerusalem- Aelia Capitolina ......................................................................................... 33 The History of Aelia Capitolina ........................................................................................... 33 Hadrian. The founding of Aelia Capitolina and the reasons for the Bar Kocha revolt ... 38 The Founding of Aelia Capitolina ........................................................................................ 40 Christianity and Aelia .......................................................................................................... 43 Roman colonies as a means to safe guard territory ............................................................. 47 Aelia Capitolina ........................................................................................................................ 48 Road System ......................................................................................................................... 49 Sacred places ........................................................................................................................ 51 Forums and public Buildings ............................................................................................... 58 The Walls of Roman Jerusalem ............................................................................................... 61 The First Wall ....................................................................................................................... 62 The Second Wall ................................................................................................................... 63 The Third Wall ..................................................................................................................... 65 The Four North Wall and the Walls of Aelia Capitolina. .................................................... 66 The Christian Quarter .......................................................................................................... 68 The Ottoman North Wall ...................................................................................................... 69 City Gates ............................................................................................................................. 71 The Camp of the X Roman Legion .......................................................................................... 74 Traditional Theory ............................................................................................................... 74 1 First New Theory .................................................................................................................. 76 Second New Theory .............................................................................................................. 77 Roman military camp in Jerusalem ...................................................................................... 78 Constantine’s revival ................................................................................................................ 79 Bordeaux Pilgrim ................................................................................................................. 80 Saint Paula’s Pilgrimage dual accounts of Saint Paula and Saint Jerome ......................... 83 Chapter II Roman Army in the East ........................................................................................ 84 West vs East Roman military Frontier comparison Hadrian's Wall and Limes Arabicus ... 84 Hadrian ‘s Wall .................................................................................................................... 89 History of the Limes Arabicus .............................................................................................. 95 The Limes Arabicus .............................................................................................................. 98 The Roman Army in the provinces of the east .................................................................... 112 The province of Cappadocia .............................................................................................. 114 Legions of Cappadocia ................................................................................................... 116 Auxilia of Cappadocia .................................................................................................... 117 The Syrian Province ........................................................................................................... 118 Legions of Syria .............................................................................................................. 119 The Province of Mesopotamia ............................................................................................ 122 Legions of Mesopotamia ................................................................................................ 123 Province of Judea ............................................................................................................... 123 Legions of Judea ............................................................................................................. 126 The Province of Arabia ...................................................................................................... 127 Legions of Arabia ........................................................................................................... 129 Roman forts on the Western and Eastern Limes lines ........................................................ 132 Fortresses ....................................................................................................................... 134 Smaller installations ....................................................................................................... 135 Conclusion: .................................................................................................................... 138 2 Chapter III The Roman military camp .................................................................................. 141 The camp and walls of Aelia Capitolina ............................................................................ 142 The kilnworks ..................................................................................................................... 152 The Fortress city ................................................................................................................. 153 Bostra ............................................................................................................................. 153 Dura Europos ................................................................................................................. 154 Palmyra .......................................................................................................................... 156 Aelia Capitolina in comparison ......................................................................................... 160 Aelia Capitolina as a Roman colony, military camp, a part of a system ........................... 160 A Grand Strategy or border control? ................................................................................. 167 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 170 Closing thoughts ................................................................................................................. 174 Bibliography: Ancient Sources: 1. Cassius Dio, Loeb Classical Library, 9 volumes, Greek text and faving English translation: Harvard University Press, 1914-1927. Translation by Earnest Cary. 2. Flavius Joshepus, Ant. Bell. The Loeb Classical Library. Jospehus in nine volumes. With English translation by H.St.J. Thackeray, R. Marcus, A. Wikgren, L. H. Feldman. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England, 1925-1990. 3. Eusebius, Historia ecclesiastica, translated to English by Arthur Cushman McGiffert [in.] Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol.1. Philip Schaff, Henry Wace, (eds.), Christian Literature Publishing Co, Buffalo, 1890. Vita Constantini, translated to English by Ernest Cushing Richardson [in.] Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol.1. Philip Schaff, Henry Wace, (eds.), Christian Literature Publishing Co, Buffalo, 1890. Demonstratio Evangelica, translated to English by W.J. Ferrar 1920, Link to site: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/eusebius_de_10_book8.htm