130 New Books. it, when standing as copula, gives no indication which kind of condition is intended by the proposition. And therefore I was careful to interpret the it in the 'cogito' by the word meant, having shown the ' cogito to express only what existence was, and not how it arose nor how it was inferred. Mr. Main, in recurring to the unanalysed use of it, really unsays Descartes' proposition. BHADWOETH H. HODGBOK.] XTL—NEW BOOKS. Downloaded from History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century. By LESLIE STHPHBN. 2 vola London i Smith, Elder & Co. Pp. 466, 469. This very important work will be reviewed at length in a future number. It is first of all, as the preface tells, a history of the Deistical movement; but for this it " seemed necessary to describe the general theological tendencies of the time, and, in order to set http://mind.oxfordjournals.org/ forth intelligibly the ideas which shaped those tendencies, it seemed desirable, again, to trace their origin in the philosophy of the time and to show their application in other departments of speculation ". The author therefore begins with an account of the contemporary Philosophy, and seeks besides " to indicate the application of the principles accepted in philosophy and theology to moral and political questions, and their reflection on the imaginative literature of the time"; though in dealing with political theories he tries to keep as far as possible from the province of political or social history. at University of Michigan on July 9, 2015 A Treatise on the Moral Ideals. By the late JOHN GBOTE, B.D. Edited by Joseph Bickersteth Mayor, M.A. Cambridge: Deighton, Bell and Co. 1876. Pp. 519. Professor Mayor, continuing his work as editor, here prints the constructive treatise on Ethics which the late John Grot* turned to write on resigning his original intention of publishing a controversial answer to Mill's Utilitarianism. The controversial treatise, which had been partly printed when laid aside, after all saw the light first, being published six years ago by Prof. Mayor, in the exercise of his editorial discretion, under the title of An Examination of the Utili- tarian Philosophy. The present work will be reviewed in the next number of MIND, and all reference to its contents may therefore be deferred. As in the case of the former work, the editor's duties have been very onerous. He now proceeds to prepare for the press the second part of the Exploratio PhUosophica, of which Part L appeared in 1865, the year before Professor Grote died. A Philological Introduction to Greek and Latin, translated from the German of FEBDINAND BAUB by C. Kegan Paul and E. D. Stone. London: King & Co. 1876. Pp.153. This little work, however technical, calls for notice in MIND by reason of the remarkably clear psychological conceptions underlying New Books. 131 the author's treatment of his special subject The exposition falls into three parts, from the division of Philology or the science of Language (as the phonetic representation of Thought) into Glottology, dealing with Vowels and Consonants as the matter of language (1), and Grammar or the science of linguistic form in the two phases of (2) Eoot and Stem formation, and (3) Word formation or Inflexion. How the Eoot arises originally as the expression of a general idea and passes into the fully developed "Word through the Stem, is very accurately conceived in point of psychology, and the philosophical student may follow even the technical details of the hook for illus- tration of the principles which he will find (for his purposes) only Downloaded from too briefly expounded. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. By JEREMY BBNTHAM. Oxford: at the Clarendon Press. 1876. Pp. 336. A timely and handy reprint, for the use of students, of this classi- http://mind.oxfordjournals.org/ cal work (first published in 1789), according to the 'New Edition, corrected by the Author,' which appeared in 1823. Behind the VeU. An outline of Bible Metaphysics compared with ancient and modern thought. By THOMAS GRIFFITH, A.M., Prebendary of St. Paul's. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 1876. Pp. 230. The work is divided into four parte : L Invisible Realities. EL The Realities in Nature. HL The Reality in Man. TV. The Su- preme Reality. The present age demands facts. But we cannot rest at University of Michigan on July 9, 2015 there. Facts are phenomena in the human mind. But phenomena suggest the questions—Phenomenal of what 1 Phenomenal to what 1 Hence the faiths of mankind, the reaching beyond the known. Three Realities must in short, be believed, although not beheld—a Reality beneath nature, a Reality at the base of all mental phenomena, and. a Reality underlying the universe or nature and mental phenomena. With regard to the first all philosophy testifies that things are not what they seem. Nature is summed up as matter and force, and as matter is only known to us as force, our system of the universe is an orderly arrangement of forces; for which we are entitled to read " Realities which put forth force," even as the energy exerted by our- selves wells up from an unfathomable depth below. For secondly, Man is not all that he seems. There is an unrevealed " inward " man or true self, the recognition of which is not only spontaneous with the common mind, but emerges through the contradictions of thinkers who would deny it The Ego cannot be eliminated from our psy- chological statements, as at once a Recipient of impressions, a Per- cipient of thoughts, an Incipient of actions distinct from impres- sions, thoughts, and actions, Lastly, the hidden realities in nature and in man are obviously not unconditioned realities. They are inter- dependent and limited. They, too, must have a ground, an Un- conditioned Reality of realities. The Being, Character, and Proce- 132 New Books. dure of God are the titles of the closing chapters, occupying a large portion of the volume. The work is enriched with references, indicat- ing a catholic range of reading. Studies in Ancient History, comprising a Eeprint of 'Primitive Marriage'. By JOHN FEBQUSON M'LENNAN, M.A., LL.D. Lon- don : B. Quartan, 1876. Mr. M'Lennan here reprints his well-known and much sought-for essay on Primitive Marriage (1865) in its original form, rather than keep it longer out of print for the revision he has hitherto been Downloaded from unable to make and could now not make in a short time. By appending, however, some essayB on related subjects, his publication now assumes the wider scope indicated by the new title. The first of the appended essays, ' Kinship in Ancient Greece,' is itself u reprint, being the author's reply in 1866 to a challenge from Mr. Gladstone to show proof that kinship through mothers ever existed among the Greeks. The new essays are four in number: (1) 'The http://mind.oxfordjournals.org/ Clasaiiicutory System of Relationship,' against Mr. Morgan; (2) ' Bachofen's Das MiUterrecht'—a work that anticipated by four years the author's discovery of the fact of female kinship, though on very different grounds from his ; (3) ' Communal Marriage'—against Sir J. Lubbock ; (4) ' Divisions of the Ancient Irish Family '—against Sir H. Maine. Winds of Doctrine: being an Examination of the modern tJieories of Automatism and Evolution. By CHABLES ELAM, M.D. London : Smith, Elder & Co. 1876. Pp. 163. at University of Michigan on July 9, 2015 Dr. Elam hero reprints some essays on Automatism and Evolution which have recently appeared in a serial form. They were written for the most part iii 1874 after the meeting of the British Association at Belfast, where Professors Tyndall and Huxley held forth in the way known to all men. Tho somewhat ' question-begging' title now pre- fixed to the essays indicates their drift : the doctrine of Automatism depends on tho doctrine of Evolution, and the doctrine of Evolution is a sheer figment of the intellect, unsupported by tho least direct evidence and in its outcomo flatly contradicting all the deepest con- victions, intellectual, moral and religious, of human nature. Like wind, it will pass. Conscquenzen dtr Lfimarck-Da)-winschcn Enhcir.Uungs- iluiurie. Ein Versuch von Dr. GEORQ VON GIZYCKI. Leipzig u. Heidelbrrg : C. F. Winkr. 1876. Pp. 97. Th<j author (who professes himself to bo a disciple of Zeller in philosophy) takes exactly the opposite view of Evolution from Dr. Elani, nnd holds that the doctrine ia not only verified as much as a doctrine of snch comprehensive scojie can be, but has full possession of tho scientific field : " this or nothing ". At the same time he is no less concerned than Dr. Elam for philosophic truth and for the New Books. 133 practical interests of morality and religion, and his little book is written to show that the theory of Evolution, when truly conceived, does not turn, as commonly supposed, in majorem maierialismi et atheismi gloriam. The philosophical consequences of the theory are drawn out under the four heads of Psychology, Epistemology, Morals, Eeligion. Die Philosophic Shaftesbury's, dargestellt von Dr. GBOBO VON GiiYOKi. Leipzig u. Heidelberg : C. F. Winter. 1876. Pp. 200. The author is of opinion that no extant ethical doctrine comes so Downloaded from near as Shaftesbury's to meeting the requirement now imposed upon philosophy, namely, that it conform to the spirit of positive scientific inquiry. He is therefore concerned to set it forth at the present time, more especially in opposition to the " contranatural" ethical system of Kant. Shaftesbury's works were translated into German in the course of the 18th century, and made no small impression on Herder and others ; but, according to the author, .their pnilosophieal import- http://mind.oxfordjournals.org/ ance has never been sufficiently recognised, while by Schlosser their true character was grossly traduced.