TØI report 1281/2013 Erik Figenbaum Marika Kolbenstvedt Electromobility in Norway - experiences and opportunities with Electric vehicles TØI report 1281/2013 Electromobility in Norway - experiences and opportunities with Electric vehicles Erik Figenbaum Marika Kolbenstvedt Front page photography: Michael W J Sørensen, TØI ISSN 0808-1190 ISBN 978-82-480-1466-9 Paper version ISBN 978-82-480-1465-2 Electronic version Oslo, November 2013 Title: Electromobility in Norway - experiences and Tittel: Elektromobilitet i Norge – erfaringer og muligheter med opportunities with Electric vehicles elkjøretøy Author(s): Erik Figenbaum Forfattere: Erik Figenbaum Marika Kolbenstvedt Marika Kolbenstvedt Date: 11.2013 Dato: 11.2013 TØI report: 1281/2013 TØI rapport: 1281/2013 Pages 151 Sider 151 ISBN Paper: 978-82-480-1466-9 ISBN Papir: 978-82-480-1466-9 ISBN Electronic: 978-82-480-1465-2 ISBN Elektronisk: 978-82-480-1465-2 ISSN 0808-1190 ISSN 0808-1190 Financed by: Akershus County Council Finansieringskilde: Akershus fylkeskommune Bisek Bisek The Norwegian Public Roads Administration Statens vegvesen Vegdirektoratet Transnova Transnova Project: 3902 - SEVS - EV rapport Prosjekt: 3902 - SEVS - EV rapport Project manager: Marika Kolbenstvedt Prosjektleder: Marika Kolbenstvedt Quality manager: Tom Eirik Nørbech, Transnova Kvalitetsansvarlig: Tom Eirik Nørbech, Transnova Michael Wøhlk Jæger Sørensen, TØI Michael Wøhlk Jæger Sørensen, TØI Key words: Electric Vehicles Emneord: Brukerundersøkelser Environment EL-bil Incentives Insentiver Market development Markedsutvikling Societal impact Miljø Surveys Samfunnsnytte Summary: Sammendrag: The Norwegian Electrical Vehicle (EV)-policy, with its many Det norske elbilpolitikken med mange insentiver og etableringen av incentives and the establishment of Transnova, a body giving Transnova som gir støtte til utbygging av ladestrukturer har gjort financial support to charging facilities, have reduced the kjøp av elbiler mulig og har håndtert barrierer mot elbilbruk. Når de barriers for E-mobility. Norwegians were ready to buy EVs større bilmerkene kom på markedet med sine biler var norske when the big automakers launched their models into the brukere klar til å kjøpe. Norge har i dag flest elbiler pr innbygger og Norwegian market. The share of EVs in the new car market in høyest andel elbiler av nybilsalget i verden. Elbilen kjøpes i den Norway is the largest in the world. The early adopters of EVs første fasen oftest av menn i husstander med flere biler og boende i are typically men in multi-car households located in the largest de større byregionene. Bilene brukes mest til arbeidsreiser. City-regions. They are most often used for driving to work. Akershus, der man kan kjøre i kollektivfeltet og passere bomringen Akershus is the province with the highest EV-share, here EV gratis, er det fylket som har flest elbiler. De som har kjøpt elbil vil drivers have access to the bus-lanes and do not have to pay fortsette med det og erfarer at rekkevidden er et mindre problem enn the tolls to get into Oslo city. It is likely that EV-drivers will antatt. De fleste daglige reiser kan håndteres med de nyere elbilene. continue to use EVs in the future and it seems that range is Elbilen erstatter i hovedsak andre bilreiser, men også noen less of an issue for the existing drivers than expected. Most kollektivreiser. Utfordringer og muligheter framover ligger i utvikling daily trips are within the range capability of modern EVs. The av elbilflåter og i endring av insentiver når markedet vokser. EV-trips in general replace trips with ICE-vehicles but also in some cases public transport. Fleets are lagging behind private consumers in EV-application. Modifying the extensive Norwegian EV-incentives as E-mobility enters the market expansion phase will be a major challenge. Language of report: English Institute of Transport Economics Transportøkonomisk Institutt Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo Telefon 22 57 38 00 - www.toi.no Telefon 22 57 38 00 - www.toi.no Copyright © Transportøkonomisk Institutt Denne publikasjonen er vernet i henhold til Åndsverkloven av 1961 Ved gjengivelse av materiale fra publikasjonen, må fullstendig kilde oppgis Electromobility in Norway - experiences and opportunities with electric vehicles Preface Electrification of vehicles is important for achieving goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving local air quality. Norway is currently in the forefront of electromobility. Summarizing and publishing Norwe- gian experiences with electric mobility, will therefore be useful for those working with electrification in other countries. Important questions are for example the framework for the Electric vehicle manufacturers, govern- ment adaption and management of various barriers to development, user needs and motivs as well as the bene- fits and costs for the involved actors and to society. Institute of Transport Economics (TØI) has published several studies on electric/electrified cars (Electric cars, Hybrid cars and Plug-in hybrids) and also have some unpublished material from an assignment for Swedish authorities and the ERA-NET project COMPETT. There are also some internal notes and data files from surveys from various private businesses that we have secured access to. These documents formed the inital basis for the work on this report. The Nordic research program BISEK (The Social and Economic Significance of the Motor Car), funds re- search that sheds light on the consequences for individuals and households, of various aspects of car policy. BISEK 2 is especially focused on environmental measures. The electrification of the vehicle fleet obviously impacts the everyday life of individuals and households, and BISEKs Board has therefore commissioned TØI to prepare a report on the Norwegian experiences with electric mobility. BISEK is one of 14 parties in the strategical vehicle research project SEVS (Safe, Efficient Vehicle Solutions). The project is initiated and operated by SAFER, (Vehicle and traffic safety research center at Chalmers univer- sity) in Gothenburg. SEVS is financially supported from VINNOVA (Swedish Governmental Agency for Innova- tion Systems) as an FFI program (FFI handles vehicle strategy resarch and innovation), see the description of SEVS in Annex I. The present TØI report is an important contribution from BISEK to the SEVS project, and is thus also part of this project. In Norway, the report has received support from Akershus county's transporta- tion department . Akershus county, as will appear from the report, is the county in Norway with most electric vehicles. It is therefore of particular interest to look at the situation in this county. Henrik Swahn and Thomas Tvedt has been the contacts respectively at BISEK and the Akershus County Council. The report was prepared by TØI researchers Erik Figenbaum with responsibility for chapters 2-6, 8, 10 and 11 and Marika Kolbenstvedt with responsibility for chapters 1 , 7 and 9. The latter has been the project manager. In the work we have benefitted from material prepared by Lasse Fridstrøm, Aslak Fyhri, Rolf Hagman, Randi Hjorthol and Liva Vågane - all researchers at TØI. Secretary Trude Rømming has been responsible for the final design of the report. Research Director Michael W. J. Sørensen has been TØIs quality assurer. Transnova rep- resented by Tom Eirik Nørbech, has provided external quality assurance of the report. This is an updated English translation of TØI-report 1276/2013. The English translation has been made possi- ble by financial contributions from Transnova, The Norwegian Public Roads Administration and internal TØI- funding. We thank all contributors for their efforts. Oslo, November 2013 Institute of Transport Economics - Norwegian Centre for Transport Research Gunnar Lindberg Michael Wøhlk Jæger Sørensen Managing Director Research Director Electromobility in Norway – experiences and possibilities with Electric vehicles Contents Summary 1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Electro-mobility - a response to climatic and environmental challenges ............... 1 1.2 Scope of report ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Electric propulsion - types of vehicles and designations........................................ 3 1.4 Prerequisites for environmental effects .................................................................. 4 1.5 Frames of reference ................................................................................................ 5 2 Norwegian Electric vehicle history .............................................................. 10 2.1 Development of the Electric vehicle in five phases ............................................. 10 2.2 Concept development 1970-1990 ......................................................................... 11 2.3 Test phase 1990-1999........................................................................................... 12 2.4 Early market phase 1999-2009 ............................................................................. 14 2.5 Market introduction phase, 2009-2012 ................................................................ 16 2.6 Market expansion phase from 2012 ..................................................................... 17 2.7 Important elements have converged ..................................................................... 19 3 Goals and