Jute Production Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 2 2. Origin, Distribution and Production of Jute ..................................................... 2 3. Use and Importance of Jute .............................................................................. 3 4. Soil and Climatic Requirements ....................................................................... 3 • Soil: ............................................................................................................ 3 • Temperature ............................................................................................... 3 • Moisture...................................................................................................... 4 • Light ........................................................................................................... 4 5. Varieties ............................................................................................................ 4 6. Manure and Fertilizer Management ................................................................. 4 7. Land Preparation............................................................................................... 5 8. Seed Rate .......................................................................................................... 5 9. Sowing Time ..................................................................................................... 5 10. Sowing Methods ............................................................................................ 5 11. Spacing .......................................................................................................... 5 12. Agronomic Practices ..................................................................................... 6 13. Water or Irrigation and Weed Management .................................................. 6 14. Harvesting...................................................................................................... 7 15. Steeping ......................................................................................................... 7 16. Retting ........................................................................................................... 8 17. Ribbon Retting .............................................................................................. 8 18. Extraction ...................................................................................................... 9 19. Quality Parameters ........................................................................................ 9 • Length of Fibre: .......................................................................................... 9 • Strength of Fibre: ....................................................................................... 9 For B.Sc.Ag, I.Sc.Ag notes and other more contents, visit: www.sabaikonotes.com 1 • Colour of the Fibre: .................................................................................... 9 • Luster of the Fibre: ..................................................................................... 9 • Stiffness and Hardness: .............................................................................. 9 • Fitness of Fibre: .......................................................................................... 9 • Percentage of Cuttings of Stem or Percentage of Cutting of Fibre: .......... 9 • Proportion of faulty materials: ................................................................... 9 20. Defects of Jute Fiber ...................................................................................... 9 • Cutting: ....................................................................................................... 9 • Dazed fibre: ..............................................................................................10 • Stiff fibre: .................................................................................................10 1. Introduction Jute is a natural fiber with golden and silky shine and hence known as Golden Fibre. Jute is cheapest vegetable fibre and second most important vegetable fibre after cotton. Scientific Name: Corchorus spp. Family: Tiliaceae Common Name: Jute 2. Origin, Distribution and Production of Jute Jute has two cultivable species • Corchorus capsularis – originated from Indo-Burma region. • Corchorus olitorius – Originated from Africa Wild species of Jute include Corchorus oestuans, Corchorus tridens, Corchorus trilocularis, Corchorus urticifolices, Corchorus japanicum. Differences between the two cultitvable species of jute Corchorus capsularis (White Jute) Corchorus olitorius (Tossa Jute) Originated from Indo Burma region Originated from African region It is herbaceous annual with slender and It has cylindrical stem and grows up straight stem and grow s to a height of 1.5 to a height of 5m to 4m with tapering stem Leaves are glabrous, ovate & oblong Leaves are glabrous, coarsely toothed For B.Sc.Ag, I.Sc.Ag notes and other more contents, visit: www.sabaikonotes.com 2 Pods are round in shape Pods are elongated Fibre Quality is poor Fibre quality is Finer, Softer, Stronger and more lustrous than C..capsularis Tolerates water logging, can be grown on Cannot tolerate water logging both uplands and lowlands occupying grown only on uplands hence more area of cultivation occupying low area of cultivation Seed rate 10 to 11 Kg/hac, Spacing 30 X 5 cm Seed rate – 6 to 7 Kg/ha, Spacing – 20 X 5 cm Fertilizer requirement is high Fertilizer requirement is low It withstands water logging It withstands drought Jute is extensively grown in India, Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Mayanmar, Nepal. 90% of world jute comes from India and Bangladesh. In Nepal, cultivated in Morang, Sunsari, Jhapa, Siraha and Dhanusha district. Jute Research Centre located in Itahari (Sunsari dist.). Jute is a typical plant of humid tropics and subtropics. World total production of jute as of 2014 is 3,393,248 tonnes. Area of production, Production and yield of jute in Nepal as of 2014/2015 is 8641ha, 12546.5mt, and 1452kg/ha respectively. 3. Use and Importance of Jute Jute fibre is used in manufacturing rugs, carpets, coarse fibres, twines and coarse blankets. Broken fibres of Jute is called ‘Tow’ which is used in making low grade paper. Jute waste is used as fuel in ma king activated charcoal. In market Jute and Mesta fibres are together known as “Raw Jute”. Leaves of Jute have medicinal Properties. The economic effect of jute production is indirectly related with that of rice. It is due to the fact that they are both grown on the same type of soil. 4. Soil and Climatic Requirements • Soil: Jute can be cultivated on all kinds of soil from clay to sandy loam but, loamy alluvial soils are most favorable for it. Usually sandy and heavy clay soils are not suitable for jute cultivation. Jute can tolerate a pH ranging from 5.0 to 8.6, but thrives best in the normal soil reaction i.e., pH 6 to 7.5. • Temperature Jute is a typical plant of humid tropics and sub-tropics. It is highly responsive to temperature and grows well where the daily mean temperature during vegetation For B.Sc.Ag, I.Sc.Ag notes and other more contents, visit: www.sabaikonotes.com 3 never below 16-18C. Temperature of 25 to 35C are found to be best for growth and formation of reproductive organs as well as for blossoming. • Moisture The jute is highly demanding in moisture. Thus, raised in humid tropics and subtropics areas with 130-180 cm annual rainfall. The minimum rainfall required for jute cultivation is 100 cm per year. The crop can be cultivated in the dry tropic and subtropics only under irrigation. The jute plants are sensitive to high moisture levels during intensive growth and maturation. • Light Both species are typical short-day plant. Long photoperiods prolong the vegetative period and the plants flower with the approach of short day of late August and September, irrespective of the sowing period. For the visible flower bud initiation, the critical light period seems to be about 12-12.5 hours, above which the flowering is retarded. C. olitorius is more responsive to short light period than C. capsularis. 5. Varieties For Eastern Terai: Itahari-1, Itahari-2 6. Manure and Fertilizer Management N is the most important, that increased the vegetative growth as well as fibre yield of jute. P helps to prevent lodging, improves fibre quality and increases NUE. Excess of N sometimes lowers the fibre quality, but presence of P in proper ratio maintains the quality by increasing the fibre length and decreasing the width. Generally, in addition to organic manure, N: 20-60 kg/ha for olitorius and 40-80 kg/ha for capsularis; 20-40 kg of P2O5 and 20-60 kg of K2O per ha. Recommended doses for olitorius is 30:15:30 kg NPK/ha and capsularis is 40:20:40 kg NPK/ha. The total dose of nitrogen is divided into two equal parts and applied as basal and 1-2 top/side dressings at 4-6 weeks of crop age. At this stage the crop requirement in nitrogen is maximum. Nitrogen is generally top-dressed after weeding and thinning. As jute is a monsoon crop, often nitrogenous fertilizers are leached out during the heavy rains. So, it is desirable to apply ammonium sulphate as a source For B.Sc.Ag, I.Sc.Ag notes and other more contents, visit: www.sabaikonotes.com 4 of nitrogen during top-dressing. Phosphatic and potassic fertilizers are applied before sowing or at sowing. Compost or farm-yard manure is applied at the rate