UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT HILO ◆ HOHONU 2020 ◆ VOL. 18 2 0 2 0 University of Hawai‘i at Hilo i UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT HILO ◆ HOHONU 2020 ◆ VOL. 18 Hohonu is a publication funded by University of Hawai‘i at Hilo student fees. All production and printing costs are administered by: University of Hawai‘i at Hilo Board of Student Publications 200 W. Kāwili Street Hilo, Hawai‘i 96720-4091 Phone: (808) 933-8823 Web: www.uhh.hawaii.edu/campuscenter/bosp All rights revert to the writers upon publication. All requests for reproduction and other propositions should be directed to the writers. The views and opinions expressed in these articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of Hohonu, or any of its affiliates. ii UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT HILO ◆ HOHONU 2020 ◆ VOL. 18 This year, the Hohonu team chose to give additional purpose to the jour- nal by choosing a new logo to represent what Hohonu means to the university and to the student body as a whole. We worked with Kipuka Native Hawaiian Student Center to stay true to UH Hilo’s mission and values when adopting the new logo. Hohonu, in ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi, means deep or profound. The image of the honu represents this through its life history. The honu is an animal that exists in both terrestrial and marine environments. Honu can access the deepest parts of our oceans, yet at the same time, relies on land to rest and rejuvenate to be able to access the depths once more. In Hawaiian culture, the ocean and depths of the ocean are Kanaloa, while the open sky, light, things we can see and are familiar with are Kane. Looking at the mythological symbolism of Kanaloa and Kane, we find our subconsciousness and consciousness. The honu dives deep into the subconscious bringing to the surface ancestral knowledge. The work contained in this journal represents the journey of our haumāna through the realms of the conscious and subconscious by expressing the trans- fer of knowledge to the written word. iii UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT HILO ◆ HOHONU 2020 ◆ VOL. 18 Letter from the Team Aloha! Every member of the Hohonu team was new to the journal this year -- two of us were even brand new to the UH Hilo lāhui. Hohonu has offered a unique way for us to deepen our connection with the UH campus community, from working tabling events to class visits to the one-on-one editing time with our student authors. At times this has been incredibly challenging, but we feel that the experience has been one of growth and adaptation for all of us. We are proud of the size and scope of the journal and the wide range of research papers our team has had the privilege to manage this year. Our skills as writers have vastly improved with the adoption of a stronger editorial lens. Looking ahead to graduation, we know that working for Hohonu has been an experience that we will carry to grad school and beyond. We wanted to especially thank our Faculty Advisor, Kirsten Møllegaard who is a fountain of knowledge. The Board of Student Publications for always being there to support the needs of the journal from advice to manpower. We’d also like to acknowledge our publication coordinator, Maile Boggeln. She has been a rock for the organization with advice, encouragement, and a constant level head. Finally, a big mahalo nui loa to all of the students courageous enough to submit your work. This journal would not exist without you! All our best, The Hohonu Team Heather Padilla, Editor in Chief Emily Burkhart, General Editor Jasmine Joao, General Editor Sean Kirkpatrick, General Editor iv HOHONU ACADEMIC JOURNAL • VOLUME 18 • 2020 CONTENTS PACIFIC SOCIAL SCIENCES 3 Power In Expression: Exploring Māhū 35 The Implications of our Lives: Choice, Agency, Narratives, Sovereignty & Decolonization and Intersectionality in Prostitution Alexander Coley Emily Burkhart 7 Hula to Huli: Foreign Influences and the 41 The Limitations of Gender Dysphoria: Evolution of the Hula Tradition from Pre-Contact Examining the Language and Purpose of the to Hawaiʻi’s Annexation DSM-5 Diagnosis Kaitlyn Evans Marisa Cortez 11 Caught Between The Sun and Stars: The 45 The Legend of the Lady White Snake: An Chamorro Experience During The Second World Analysis of Daoist, Buddhist and Confucian War Themes Nicholas Iwamoto Lindsay Emerson 19 Hawaiian Kingdom Reinstated 50 Borderline Personality Disorder Domini Molina Braden Savage 23 The Fantasy of Hawaii 53 Politically Driven or Not, This Is Ethnic Heather Padilla Cleansing 26 Ethnic Nationalism in Hawai’i Michael Coloma Taylor Sierra Schuetz 57 Privileges 30 Nature According to Aloha Shirts Beverly Yates-Tese Zoë Whitney ENGLISH NATURAL SCIENCE 62 Lessons from Monster(s): Postcolonial Feminist 94 The Impacts of Copper Contamination on Aquatic Analysis of Frankenstein: The 1818 Text Predator-Prey Interactions Emily Burkhart Jonathan G. Chapman 67 Playing God without a Mary: Male Fantasy in 102 Potential of Afforested Eucalyptus Soil for Frankenstein & “Herbert West: Reanimator” Industrial Hemp Cultivation Alexander Coley Ryen A. Helzer 71 Combating Ethnocentrism with Multicultural 108 Effects of ocean tides, tidepool size, and location Literature on fish assemblages at Lalakea and Lehia Beach Marisa Cortez Parks, Hilo, Hawaiʻi 73 Disturbing Insights: Revealing Hidden Fears in Lisa L. K. Mason Gothic Literature 118 Low-Cost Corridor Analysis in the Northern Rocky Tyler V. Deal Mountains for Gray Wolf 77 Shout it from the Rooftops: Children's Literature Gavin Massrey has Evolved 126 Substrate is a better predictor of little fire ant Heather Padilla (Wasmannia auropunctata) presence than distance 81 Feminism in Children's Literature: The from cat feeding stations at the University of Importance of Retellings Hawai‘i at Hilo Jazmin Santiago Amanada Navine 85 Who Are You? Style and Plot Structure in A Girl 135 Escort Herbicide Management on Hedychium is a Half-Formed Thing gardnerianum in Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park Braden Savage Naiʻa Odachi 88 What Indicates a Woman's "Happily Ever 143 The Penetration No One needed Fracking to Do After"? Bri Tackmier Leicha-May White 149 Supporting Wind Development on Native American Tribal Lands Zoë Whitney 154 Ecology of Marine Viruses Rachel Willard UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT HILO ◆ HOHONU 2020 ◆ VOL. 18 vi UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT HILO ◆ HOHONU 2020 ◆ VOL. 18 PACIFIC 1 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT HILO ◆ HOHONU 2020 ◆ VOL. 18 2 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT HILO ◆ HOHONU 2020 ◆ VOL. 18 Power In Expression: sex, whom she named Ka-uhola-nui-a-māhū” (Robertson 314). This name roughly translates Exploring Māhū Narratives, to “the great unfolding of the māhū,” with uhola Sovereignty & Decolonization specifically indicating a spiritual or intellectual unfolding or awakening (Robertson 314). Another Alexander Coley Hawaiian historical account introduces the māhū Philosophy 375 as a group of intersex men “well respected” for With the arrival of Christian missionaries came their vital roles as “talented priests of healing and the questioning and rejection of unique sexual and hula” (Robertson 314). In both accounts, the māhū gender roles previously inhered in Hawaiian soci- identity and individual are marked for their wis- ety. In particular, missionaries made concerted ef- dom; they appear as a vessel and conduit for the forts to expunge the Hawaiian culture of its third learning and transmission of imperative spiritual gender category: māhū. By firmly establishing practices, especially hula. Unfortunately, as ex- their own conceptions of gender in the archipela- pressed by professor Deborah Elliston, “voyager go, missionaries distorted the very nature of māhū narratives from the eighteenth and nineteenth cen- identity. Rather than being a third gender, māhū turies,” alongside vilifying missionary accounts, was comparatively slandered as a deviation from made māhū gender illegal, and unintelligible, in the Western Christian gender binary. “Not quite colonized Hawai‘i (36). Colonizers’ journals and inhabit[ing] the norms of” this new colonial super- diaries “make consistent… scandalized… refer- structure, māhū identity was wrongfully relegated ences to māhū,” positioning the gender category as as a confused and immoral middle-ground between an anti-Christian custom (partially true as Western the Christian God’s man/woman duality; thus, over gender ideology does not permit for a third, flex- time, the māhū gender category became “question- ible gender category) (Elliston 36). These mor- able” to other Kanaka Maoli (Ahmed 115). Today, alizations have, unfortunately, persited and now modern sovereignty movements-- unconsciously serve as the foundation for the transphobic and (and, at times, consciously) taking from these per- homophobic exclusionary practices that plague to- nicious colonial mindsets-- still unfairly question day’s sovereignty movement. and castigate māhū (amongst individuals of other This is demonstrated in the almost painfully non-cishet gender and sexual alignments) for their paradoxical case of “prominent Kingdom nation- identity. Notwithstanding these dogmatic attacks, alist,” Leon Siu (Kaunani 2018). Siu believes māhū identity has persevered and is a gender cat- himself participating in the “full restoration of” egory increasingly reclaimed by non-cishet na- Hawai‘i as a “sovereign nation” through advocacy tive Hawaiians. These māhū people have been at featured on his blog “A Biblical View of Hawaiian the forefront of decolonizing movements and al- Sovereignty”; he predicates his platform, in part, liances in Hawai‘i. The inherently anti-colonial in his “fight against both civil unions and same- nature of māhū identity-- irreconcilable as it is sex marriage,” which he observes as two crucial with Western/Christian social structures-- makes moral battles in the reclaiming of Hawaiian sov- Kanaka Maoli māhū much needed resistors to the ereignty (Kaunani 2018). Siu is not alone in this current exclusionary, pro-Kingdom platform and, seemingly pro-colonial (in terms of its baseless furthermore, positions them as candidates to lead rejection of indigenous sexual and gender expres- a successful, inclusive sovereignty movement of sions), yet bemusingly pro-sovereignty sentiment.