THE UGANDA SOCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL PROFILE Prepared for USAID/Uganda by The Experiment in International Living Jinji, Uganda and Brattleboro,Vermont August 1984 Research Team Ms. Carol Jaenson, Team Leader Ms. Josephine Harmsworth 41rof. T. Kabwegyere Prof. P. Muzaale The views and interpretations expressed in this document are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Agency for International Development. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research team is grateful to hundreds of people, without whose contributions this report could not have been produced. Appendix XI gives the names of District Team and Planning Committee members, enumerators and other officials who welcomed us to their Districts, and made our fieLiwork possible. We are especially grateful to the District Commissioners for the warm hospitality they accorded us. A number of individuals deserve special thanks. Ms. Joan Atherton, USAID/Washington, who wrote the original scope of work on which the project was based, provided administrative direc­ tion, intellectual guidance and moral enouragement throughout the whole process. Mr. Irvin D. Coker, Mission Director USAID/- Kampala, Mr. Craig Buck who preceded Mr. Coker, and their staff, were not only interested in the substance of our findings, but gave us technical and administrative assistance throughout the project. The literature review was conducted by Mr. Leonard Msemakweli, lecturer in the Department of Agricultural Economics at Makerere University. Mr. Sentamu in the Ministry of Planning and Eco­ nomic Development supplied us with the necessary Government of Uganda reports and background documents. Maps are the work of Mr. Khikusoka in the Jinja District Office of the Ministry of Land and Water Resources. Data was processed on the computers of Rank Consult, Ltd., Kampala, whose staff were always patient and helpful, in spite of our many changes of schedules. We are grateful, too, to our families and professional col­ .leagues who cheerfully tolerated our days of absence from home and work. But above all we wish to thank the hundreds of rural Ugandans who shared a part of their lives with us as they answered cur endless questions. While most of them will never see this document, it belongs to them, We only hope that programs and projects based on the information they have provided here, will assist their struggle for individual, family and commLnity development. M. Carol Jaenson Jinja, Uganda August 6, 1984 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page i Acknowledgements CHAPTER I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY B. Theoretical Premises....... ....... 0000*0000000..0..1 C. Methods Used ................. ........... 3 D. Summary of Survey Findings - The Hojsehold of E. Summary of Survey Findings and Analysis Institutions ...... ................ .... .. .. .I 1 4 F. Policy Implications and Recommendations ............ CHAPTER II: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 00 . .. 19 A. Introduction... .... ...... ...... 00.00 2 B. Methodology..................... ............ 1 C. Overview of Uganda ......... 2 6 1. Resources ....................... 6.0060600000 2. Population Trends ... ...... 00.0000000.00.0.0.0.27 3. Administrative Divisions. ....... 00000000.0.0.00.28 . .29 4. Social Services ............ ........ CHAPTER III: HOUSEHOLD SURVEY Results .... 3 3 A. Description of Research Areas and Survey 3 3 1. General Description of Areas................... 2. The Surveyed Villages...........000.0.000.00000.36 o.......o 4 7 B. Household Structure and Organization ..... 47 1. Introduction ...... ................ .0.0.....47 2. Household Membership.. 0 ..... .... 5 7 C. Homestead Physical Characteristics..............oo.o .0. .66 D. The Household Economy .......... o..... .... .. 66 1. Resources Availakle to the Household - Land ..... 2. Resources Available to the Household - Labor,...70 i 3. Resources Available to the Household-Technology.72 4. Types of Productive Activities - Agricultural...74 5. Non-Agricultural Activities ...... 0.............90 6. Consumption Patterns ....................... .... 83 CHAPTER IV: DEVELOPMENT-RELATED INSTITUTIONS A. Introduction ........ o.......... ..9 B. Land Tenure .... 1. Historical Overview ................ ........ 96 2. Present-Day Practices .......................... .97 3. Land Acquisition ................................. 98 4. Land Holdings and Rural-to-Rural fligration ...... 99 C. Markets and Marketing .... .........................101 1. Development of Local Markets ................... 102 2. Department of Marketing.................... 103 3. Chamber of Commerce and Trade Development Office ... ... .. o..... ..... .. .... .... ..... 104 4. Formal, and Informal Marketing Practices....... 107 D. Capital and Credit...... ... ..... ............... 117 1. Banks ....... ... ..... ..... ...... ... .. .. 118 2. Other Sources of Credit ........... ........... 121 E. Agricultural Services ......... ............ 122 1. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Agriculture Department) ... ........ o......... 123 2. Agricultural Extension Programs............... 124 3. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Forestry Department) ......................... ]28 4. Ministry c. Animal Resources and Fisheries (Veterinary Department) ......... ............ 131 5. Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries (Fisheries Department) .................... 135 F. District-Level Government and Administration...... 138 1. Int~roduction .................... -...... .... 138 2. Historical Overview ... ..................... 139 3. The District Commissioner ..................... 140 ii 142 4. Ministry of Local Government .................. G. Ministry of Cooperatives and Marketing 144 (Department of Cooperatives) ...... 144 1. Introduction ............ •......... 144 2. The Cooperative Movement......... Unions .. ...... ... * * ..* * ... 146 3. Cooperative 149 H . Churches ..... ..... .. ......... .... 152 I. The Department of Community Development........... ... .. ........... 154 J. Political Parties.. ............ CHAPTER V: ANALYSIS .... .. ... 159 A. Household Perceptions of Change .... 164 B. Household Survival Strategies ........... ....... 16 5 1. Nature and Composition of the Household 165 2. Material Resource Base ............. ........... 1 6 6 3. Capital and Technical Resources............... 166 4. Institutional Support Systems................. 167 5. Disaggregation of Poverty Levels ............ 16 8 6. The Factor of Household Aids............... ......... 170 7. The Factor of Land - Size of Holding 1 7 0 8. The Factor of Land - Systems of Tenure........ .......... ..172 9o The Factor of Labor........... .. 173 10. The Factor of Employment,..... o........o......... 11. The Factor of Diversi!lcation of Farm 174 12. The Factor of Innovation ...................... 178 13. The Factor of Sex .............. ......... 006 0.. .00.178 14. The Affluent Minority .... ..* ... 182 C. Community-Level Interactions........... ............ CHAPTER VI: POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 87 A. Key Issues ........ ... ...... .... 0.189 B. Short-Term Recommendations ...... .. .............. 191 C. Long-Term Development Objectives .................. !ii D. Recommendations for Future Studies ................. 193 Appendix I - List of Tables ........................ 196 Appendix II - Maps ............ Appendix III - State of Development by District ...... 204 Appendix IV - Agricultural and Livestock Deve­ lopment Projects by Plan Since Independence ...................... 206 Appendix V - Acreage Needed For Food Sufficiency...211 Appendix VI - District Motorized Transport Available .... .. .....**.*** 0.*.0 ..212 Appendix VII - Problems Expressed by District- Level Officials ....................... 213 Appendix VIII - Structure of Central Government ....... 221 Appendix IX - Staff of Government Ministries ....... 233 Appendix X - Glossary of Terms .................... 234 Appendix Xl - Acknowledgements...................... 235 Appendix XII - Interview Questionnaires .............. 238 Appendix :_II - Literature Review and Bibliography .... 267 Appendix XIV - 3urvey Team ........................ 331 CHAPTER I - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A. Introduction tor the USAID mission in Kampala This document has been prepared Program and Policy Coordina- in conjunction with the Bureau for exerrcise was undertaken with tion in AID/Washington. The SIP one over3ll objective in mind: and analysis on the "to provide socioeconomic information functioning of dynamics of the rural economy and in Uganda to AID decision­ development-related institutions Uganda's development...and makers and others concerned with 90% of Uganda's popu­ to begin to disaggregate the roughly productive, so that lation that is rural and agriculturally can be better targeted." USAID/Uganda's assistance program of a comprehensive effort Preparation of the Uganda SIP is part incorporate social, by AID/Washington to more effectively information about specific cultural, economic and political the overall planning and institutions in a given country into project design process. Commonwealth Team in 1979 begin Reports such as that done by the the various disruptions and to document, at a national level, to the rural areas, the breakdowns in institutional services and the political uncertain­ dislocations of marketing systems stability. However, ties which affected the country's economic information about pro­ there has been virtually no first-hand assumed by USAID social duction at the local level. It was must have occurred in rural analysts that parallel major changes that such changes might household