cover page as mentioned below: below: mentioned Youas arepage instructedcover the to updateupdate to the coverinstructed pageare asYou mentioned below: 14 MM Name. 1. IncreaseCourse the theof fontsize sizefont ofthe the CourseIncrease 1. Name. use the following as a header in the Cover Page. Page. Cover 2. the usein the followingheader a as as a headerfollowing the inuse the2. Cover Page. ALAGAPPAUNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYALAGAPPA [Accredited with ’A+’ Grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle Cycle Third the in (CGPA:3.64) [AccreditedNAAC by withGrade ’A+’’A+’ Gradewith by NAAC[Accredited (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle and Graded as Category–I University by MHRD-UGC] MHRD-UGC] by University and Category–I Graded as as Graded Category–I and University by MHRD-UGC] M.Sc. [Microbiology] 003 630 – KARAIKUDIKARAIKUDI – 630 003 364 21 EDUCATION DIRECTORATEDISTANCE OF OF DISTANCEDIRECTORATE EDUCATION MICROBIAL GENETICS II - Semester MICROBIAL GENETICS MICROBIAL M.Sc. [Microbiology] 364 21 cover page as mentioned below: below: mentioned Youas arepage instructedcover the to updateupdate to the coverinstructed pageare asYou mentioned below: Increase the font size of the Course Name. Name. 1. IncreaseCourse the theof fontsize sizefont ofthe the CourseIncrease 1. Name. use the following as a header in the Cover Page. Page. Cover 2. the usein the followingheader a as as a headerfollowing the inuse the2. Cover Page. M.Sc. [Microbiology] ALAGAPPAUNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYALAGAPPA [Accredited with ’A+’ Grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle Cycle Third the in (CGPA:3.64) [AccreditedNAAC by withGrade ’A+’’A+’ Gradewith by NAAC[Accredited (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle and Graded as Category–I University by MHRD-UGC] MHRD-UGC] by University and Category–I Graded as as Graded Category–I and University by MHRD-UGC] KARAIKUDI – 630 003 003 630 – KARAIKUDIKARAIKUDI – 630 003 MICROBIAL GENETICS EDUCATION DIRECTORATEDISTANCE OF OF DISTANCEDIRECTORATE EDUCATION II - Semester ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY [Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle and Graded as Category–I University by MHRD-UGC] (A State University Established by the Government of Tamil Nadu) KARAIKUDI – 630 003 Directorate of Distance Education M.Sc. [Microbiology] II - Semester 364 21 MICROBIAL GENETICS Authors Dr Geetika Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Govt. College for Girls, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India Units (1.2, 3, 4, 11) Dr Richa Sharma , Assistant Professor , Department of Microbiology, Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Science for Women, University of Delhi Dr Rekha Mehrotra, Associate Professor , Department of Biology , Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Science for Women, University of Delhi Units ( 7 & 8) Dr. Sushil Kumar Upadhyay, Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala- (Haryana), India Units (2 & 5) Meena Kumar, M.Sc Botany,B.ED , TGT , Senior Science Teacher ,Delhi Government School Units (6, 12, 13, 14) Dr. Helianthous Verma, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi Units (9.2-9.3) Dr. Pradeep Kumar, Research Associate-III, Department of Pediatrics, Army Hospital Research & Referral, New Delhi Units (9.4-9.5, 10.2) Vikas® Publishing House: Units (1.0 - 1.1, 1.3 to 1.9, 9.0-9.1, 9.6-9.10, 10.0-10.1, 10.3 to 10.8) "The copyright shall be vested with Alagappa University" All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Alagappa University, Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 • Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: A-27, 2nd Floor, Mohan Co-operative Industrial Estate, New Delhi 1100 44 • Website: www.vikaspublishing.com • Email: [email protected] Work Order No. AU/DDE/DE1-291/Preparation and Printing of Course Materials/2018 Dated 19.11.2018 Copies - 500 SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Microbial Genetics Syllabi Mapping in Book BLOCK I: MUTATION, DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR Unit 1: Mutation and its Types, Mutation Rate and its Determination Unit 1: Mutation and Mutagenesis. (Pages 1-23); Unit 2: Mutagens-Types, Physical Mutagens, DNA Reactive Chemicals, Unit 2: Mutagens and its Types Base Analogs, Intercalating Agents, Metals and Biological Agents. (Pages 24-52); Unit 3: DNA Damages- Deamination of Bases, Alkylation, Damage Due Unit 3: DNA Damages to Reactive Oxygen, UV Induced Damage. (Pages 53-70); Unit 4: Repair Pathways (Methyl-Directed Mismatch Repair, Nucleotide Unit 4: Repair Pathways Excision Repair, Base Excision Repair, Recombinational Repair, SOS (Pages 71-91) Inducible Repair, Specific Repair for Oxidative DNA Damage, Pyrimidine Dimers and Alkylation Induced Damage and Adaptive Response). BLOCK II: BACTERIAL RECOMBINATION Unit 5: Recombination- Types of Recombinations, Models for Unit 5: Recombination Homologous Recombination, Molecular Mechanism of Homologous and its Types Recombination, Homologous Recombination in Eukaryotes, Mating Type (Pages 92-123); Switching. Molecular Mechanism for Site-Specific Recombination. Unit 6: Conjugation Biological Roles of Site Specific Recombination. and F-Factor Unit 6: Conjugation- Conjugation by E. coli F Factor, Structure of (Pages 124-141); F-Factor, Regulation of F-Factor Fertility, Establishment of Cell Contact, Unit 7: Transformation DNA Mobilization, Transfer and Separation of Mating Pair, Hfr (Pages 142-157); Conjugation and Chromosomal Transfer, Interrupted Mating and Unit 8: Transduction Conjugational Mapping. and its Types Unit 7: Transformation- Mechanism of Natural Competence and (Pages 158-171) Transformation in Bacillus Subtilis and Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Transformation by Inducing Artificial Competence, Gene Linkage and Mapping by Transformation. Unit 8: Transduction- Generalized and Specialized Transduction. BLOCK III: OPERON CONCEPT AND EXTRA CHROMOSOMAL MATERIALS Unit 9: Gene Concept- Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression. Lactose Unit 9: Gene Concept and System - Coordinate Regulation, Lac Components, Positive, Negative Lactose System Regulation and Catabolite Repression. (Pages 172-205); Unit 10: Tryptophan Operon - Attenuation. Arabinose Operon and its Unit 10: Tryptophan Operon Regulation. and Arabinose Operon Unit 11: Plasmids- Types of Plasmids - F, R & Col Plasmids. Properties (Pages 206-219); of Plasmids - Sex Factors, Drug Resistant, Colicinogenic. Agrobacterium Unit 11: Plasmids: Types Ti and Broad Host Range Plasmid. and its Properties (Pages 220-242) BLOCK IV: TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS AND EPIGENETICS Unit 12: Detection and Purification of Plasmid DNA. Transfer of Plasmid Unit 12: Detection, Purification DNA. Replication of Plasmid. Control of Copy Number, Plasmid and Transfer of Plasmid DNA, Amplification, Curing and Incompatibility. and Plasmid Replication Unit 13: Transposable Elements- Types of Transposable Elements, (Pages 243-265); Structure, Genetic Organization and Mechanism of Transposition of Tn5, Unit 13: Transposable Elements Tn3 and Related Transposons, Bacteriophage Mu, Tn7 and IS911, (Pages 266-290); Integrons, Retrotransposons. Unit 14: Epigenetics Unit 14: Epigenetics- Definition, Molecular basis, Mechanisms, (Pages 291-310) Functions and Epigenetics in Bacteria. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BLOCK I: MUTATION, DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR UNIT 1 MUTATION 1-23 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Mutation and its Types 1.3 Mutation Rate and its Determination 1.4 Mutagenesis 1.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 1.6 Summary 1.7 Key Words 1.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 1.9 Further Readings UNIT 2 MUTAGENS AND ITS TYPES 24-52 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Mutagens: History and Causes 2.2.1 History of Mutagens 2.2.2 Causes of Mutagens 2.3 Types of Mutagens 2.3.1 Physical Mutagens 2.3.2 Chemical Mutagens 2.3.3 Biological Mutagens 2.4 Tests System for Mutagens 2.5 Consequences of Mutagens Exposures 2.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 2.7 Summary 2.8 Key Words 2.9 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 2.10 Further Readings UNIT 3 DNA DAMAGES 53-70 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Objectives 3.2 DNA Damages 3.2.1 Deamination of Bases 3.2.2 Alkylation 3.2.3 Damage Due to Reactive Oxygen 3.2.4 UV Induced DNA Damage 3.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 3.4 Summary 3.5 Key Words 3.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 3.7 Further Readings UNIT 4 REPAIR PATHWAYS 71-91 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Objectives 4.2 DNA Damage and Repair Pathways 4.2.1 An SOS Repair System or Recombinational Repair 4.2.2 Methyl Directed Mismatch Repair 4.2.3 Nucleotide Excision Repair 4.2.4 Recombinational Repair 4.2.5 SOS Inducible Repair 4.2.6 Specific Repair for Oxidative DNA