Men in focus Unpacking masculinities and engaging men in the prevention of violence against women Evidence review Contents Acknowledgements ________________________________________________ 6 Executive summary ________________________________________________ 7 Background .....................................................................................................................................7 Key findings and onclusionsc ..........................................................................................................7 Implications ....................................................................................................................................9 Introduction _____________________________________________________ 10 Scope and methodology ...............................................................................................................10 Caveats .........................................................................................................................................12 Part 1: Outlining the problem _______________________________________ 13 1.1 Violence against women ..................................................................................... 14 1.2 Gender inequality and primary prevention ......................................................... 15 1.3 Men, masculinities and the prevention of violence againstomen w ..................... 16 1.3.1 Attitudes and norms of masculinity .....................................................................................16 1.3.2 Men’s health and wellbeing ................................................................................................17 1.3.3 Masculinity and individual risk factors for men’s violence ..................................................17 1.4 Gender transformative orkw ............................................................................... 18 1.4.1 The social-ecological model .................................................................................................18 1.4.2 Gupta’s continuum of approaches .......................................................................................19 1.4.3 Current limitations of gender transformative approaches ..................................................20 1.4.4 Examples of gender transformative initiatives ....................................................................21 Part 2: Defining masculinities _______________________________________ 22 2.1 Masculinity as a social construction .................................................................... 23 2.1.1 Masculinity as a construction ..............................................................................................23 2.1.2 Hegemonic masculinity .......................................................................................................24 2.1.3 Masculinity as fragile ...........................................................................................................25 2.1.4 Rejection of essentialist accounts ........................................................................................25 2.1.5 The social construction of masculinity and its relevance for the prevention of violence against omenw ............................................................26 2.1.6 Challenging binary logic in prevention efforts .....................................................................28 2.2 From masculinity to masculinities ....................................................................... 30 2.2.1 Masculinity as multiple ........................................................................................................30 2.2.2 Masculinity as situational ....................................................................................................30 2.2.3 Emerging theories of contemporary masculinities ..............................................................31 2 Men in focus | Evidence review 2.3 Intersectionality .................................................................................................. 32 2.3.1 Intersectionality and masculinities ......................................................................................32 2.3.2 Dominant discourses of masculinity and difference ............................................................34 2.3.3 Intersectionality in conceptions of men’s violence ..............................................................35 2.3.4 Intersections of masculinity, socio-structural inequality and violence against omenw .......36 2.3.5 Impacts of stigma and stereotypes ......................................................................................38 2.3.6 Intersectionality and privilege .............................................................................................39 2.4 Masculinity in structures ..................................................................................... 39 2.4.1 Social structures and masculinities ......................................................................................39 2.4.2 Social structures and intersectionality................................................................................. 42 Part 3: Dominant forms and patterns of masculinity ____________________ 44 3.1 Dominant norms and expectations ..................................................................... 45 3.1.1 Autonomy, dominance and control .....................................................................................45 3.1.2 Aggression and toughness ...................................................................................................46 3.1.3 Risk-taking ...........................................................................................................................47 3.1.4 Stoicism and suppression of emotion.................................................................................. 47 3.1.5 Hypersexuality and sexual prowess .....................................................................................48 3.1.6 Compulsory heterosexuality ................................................................................................48 3.1.7 Further considerations ........................................................................................................49 3.2 Patterns of attachmento t masculinity ................................................................. 50 3.2.1 Men’s attachment to dominant norms and practices .........................................................50 3.2.2 Gender role stress ...............................................................................................................51 3.3 Male peer relationships ...................................................................................... 52 3.3.1 Male bonding ......................................................................................................................52 3.3.2 Male peer relationships and violence against omenw ........................................................54 3.3.3 Contemporary shifts? ..........................................................................................................55 3.4 Priority sites and settings .................................................................................... 56 3.4.1 Workplaces ..........................................................................................................................56 3.4.2 Sport ....................................................................................................................................57 3.4.3 Pornography ........................................................................................................................58 3.4.4 Online gaming ......................................................................................................................59 3.5 Masculinity and violence .................................................................................... 59 3.5.1 Violence as a learned response ...........................................................................................59 3.5.2 Masculinity and the normalisation of violence ...................................................................60 Contents 3 Part 4: Promising approaches for prevention work addressing masculinities and engaging men ___________________________ 63 4.1 Engaging men and boys in primary prevention efforts ......................................... 64 4.1.1 Implementing a primary prevention approach ....................................................................64 4.1.2 Education-based initiatives ..................................................................................................65 4.1.3 Media campaigns and initiatives .........................................................................................66 4.1.4 Engaging men as fathers ......................................................................................................67 4.1.5 Mobilising communities ......................................................................................................68 4.1.6 Healthy-positive masculinities .............................................................................................68 4.2 Examples of prevention programs and initiatives ................................................ 69 4.2.1 Policy-based initiatives ........................................................................................................69 4.2.2 Practice-based initiatives .....................................................................................................69