KIMMO KORHONEN nventing Finnish Music Contemporary Composers from Medieval to Modern CONTENT TO THE READER 9 I CHURCH AND CITY The early days of Finnish Music 11 II OFFICERS AND GENTLEMEN Composers in the Classical period 15 The first-generation composers : 16 Erik Tulindberg - Thomas Bystrom - Carl Ludvig Lithander Bernhard Henrik Crusell: Composer and clarinettist 19 III ROMANCING THE TONE Music in the autonomous Gran Duchy of Finland 21 Fredrik Pacius and the' road to Romanticism 22 Fredrik Pacius • • The first Finnish opera 23 Karl Collan - Ernst Fabritius Shaping the structures of musical life 26 Martin Wegelius - Robert Kajanus - Ernst Mielck • The language issue 29 IV "THE MIGHTY SPRING TIDE OF FINNISH MUSIC" National Romanticism and Late Romanticism 31 • The Kalevala, Finland's national epic 34 • Finnish folk music 36 Jean Sibelius: The symphonic master 37 • Sibelius's Second Symphony - is it just music or a portrait of the independency struggle? 41 The shadow of Sibelius 42 Armas Jarnefelt Erkki Melartin: An eclectic Late Romantic 43 The elegance of Leevi Madetoja 45 Selim Palmgren and other instrumental composers 47 Selim Palmgren - Ilmari Hannikainen - Heino Kaski - Ernst Linko Oskar Merikanto, Toivo Kuula and the world of vocal music 51 Oskar Merikanto - Toivo Kuula - Armas Launis - Emil Kauppi • A national opera is born 54 V "WINDOWS OPEN TOWARDS EUROPE!" Finnish 1920s Modernism 55 Ernest Pingoud: A man of many worlds 58 Vaino Raitio: Impressionist and Expressionist 59 Aarre Merikanto: A national Modernist 61 • Two settings of Juha, two operatic fates 64 Uuno Klami: On the trail of Stravinsky and Ravel 65 • Uuno Klami's Kalevala Suite: A farewell to the Romantic Kalevala 67 VI SHELTERED BY THE KALEVALA, OVERSHADOWED BY WAR The 1930s and a return to national values 69 Lied and opera 71 Yrjo Kilpinen - Tauno Pylkkanen Continuing the national tradition in instrumental music 73 Sulho Ranta - Taneli Kuusisto - Helvi Leiviska • Finnish film music 76 VII RISING FROM THE ASHES OF WAR From Neo-Classicism to dodecaphony 77 Einar Englund and the ideal of absolute music 79 Other composers of the Neo-Classical period 81 Ahti Sonninen - Jouko Tolonen - Matti Rautio - Seppo Nummi The turn to dodecaphony 83 Nils-Eric Fougstedt - Sakari Mononen - Pentti Raitio Joonas Kokkonen: A "passion for quality" 85 VIII ROWS, COLOURS AND NURSERY NOICE The second wave of Modernism in Finnish music 89 Erik Bergman: The musical explorer 91 Usko Merilainen: Characters and kinetics 94 Paavo Heininen: A devout Modernist 96 "Completely unruly nursery noice" 99 Kari Rydman - Henrik Otto Donner • Electronic music in Finland 101 IX "THAT WHICH WAS OLD" The transition of the 1960s and free-tonality 103 Erkki Salmenhaara: From Modernism to neo-tonality 105 Tauno Marttinen and the 'spark of eternal' 107 Leonid Bashmakov: A symphonic and concerto composer 108 The new wave of choral music 110 Sulo Salonen - Bengt Johansson - Eero Sipila - Gottfrid Grasbeck - Jouko Linjama - Pekka Kostiainen - Jaakko Mantyjarvi Aulis Sallinen and other opera composers 114 Aulis Sallinen - Ilkka Kuusisto - Jorma Panula - Atso Almila - Ralf Gothoni - Kari Tikka Persistent free-tonality 119 Harri Wessman - Lars Karlsson - Teppo Hauta-aho - Pekka Jalkanen - Jukka Linkola - Timo-Juhani Kylldnen - Lasse Jalava - Harri Ahmas - Other composers • The opera boom 125 • Music all year round: A land of symphony orchestras and music festivals . 127 X IN THE POST-MODERNIST HALL OF MIRRORS Composers caught in the crossfire 129 Einojuhani Rautavaara: A composer of many personas 131 • Angel of Light and the path to success 135 Leif Segerstam: A musical stream of consciousness 136 Pehr Flenrik Nordgren: The depth of life 137 Kalevi Aho: A monumental symphonic composer 140 Mikko Heinio: "Post-Modern features" 142 XI TOWARDS NEW SOUND WORLDS The new wave of Finnish modernism in the 1980s 145 New Modernists in the 1970s 148 Jarmo Sermila 148 Erkki Jokinen 149 Herman Rechberger 150 Jukka Tiensuu 152 The Ears Open! group 154 Eero Hameenniemi 156 Kaija Saariaho 158 Magnus Lindberg 161 • Kraft: A monument in Finnish Modernism 163 Jouni Kaipainen 165 Olli Kortekangas 167 Esa-Pekka Salonen 170 Tapani Lansio 172 Contemporaries of the Ears Open! composers: Modernism and free twelve-tone music 173 Kimmo Hakola 173 Olli Koskelin 176 Tapio Tuomela 177 Hard Vuori 178 Other new composers of the 1980s 180 Tapio Nevanlinna - Harri Suilamo - Other composers XII BROADENING HORIZONS The new freedom of the 1990s and the youngest generation of composers 183 Modernism and Expressionism 185 Veli-Matti Puumala - Seppo Pohjola -Jovanka Trbojevic - Jukka Koskinen - Hannu Pohjannoro - Juha T. Koskinen - Pertu Haapanen - Johann Tallgren - Lotta Wennakoski - Markus Fagerudd - Kimmo Nevonmaa - Jyrki Linjama - Osmo Honkanen - Tommi Karkkainen . Freedom of style 194 Juhani Nuorvala - Osmo Tapio Raihala - Patrik Vidjeskog - Uljas Pulkkis - Jani Kaaria - Tuomas Kantelinen - Olli Mustonen - Kirmo Lintinen - Jaakko Kuusisto - Other composers INDEX 201 .