Family: Brassicaceae Taxon: Barbarea vulgaris Synonym: Barbarea arcuata (Opiz ex J. Presl & C. Pres Common Name: bittercress B. vulgaris var. arcuata (Opiz ex J. Presl & C rocket cress Campe barbarea (L.) W. Wight ex Piper wintercress Erysimum arcuatum Opiz ex J. Presl & C. Pre yellow rocket Erysimum barbarea L. Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Assessor Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Assessor WRA Score 17 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Low substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Intermediate high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 y 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Print Date: 10/25/2013 Barbarea vulgaris (Brassicaceae) Page 1 of 7 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 2 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 y areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 y 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 y 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 17 Print Date: 10/25/2013 Barbarea vulgaris (Brassicaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 2010. Flora of North America Editorial Committee. [Is the species highly domesticated? No] "Several varieties have been recognized, Flora of North America: North of Mexico, Volume and they represent some of the many points along one continuum. In my opinion, 7. Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae. it is better not to recognize any infraspecific taxa in North America." Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK 102 2013. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2013. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 1991. MacDonald, M.A./Cavers, P.B.. The biology [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Barbarea vulgaris is of Canadian weeds.: 97. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.. probably of Mediterranean origin (J. Vaughan pers. commun.) and is now Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 71(1): 149- cosmopolitan in temperate regions." … "Barbarea vulgaris has an obligate 166. requirement for vernalization; its southward spread, in terms of successful reproduction, is limited to areas with several weeks at 5⁰C or less" 202 1991. MacDonald, M.A./Cavers, P.B.. The biology [Quality of climate match data? 1-High] of Canadian weeds.: 97. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 71(1): 149- 166. 203 2010. Flora of North America Editorial Committee. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes. Distribution in temperate Flora of North America: North of Mexico, Volume regions, and elevation range exceeding 1000 m, demonstrate environmental 7. Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae. versatility] "Waste places, ditches, riverbanks, damp grasslands, roadsides, fields, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK disturbed sites; 0-3000 m" 204 2001. Wu, Z.Y./Raven, P.H. (eds.). Flora of [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Presumably China. Vol. 8 (Brassicaceae through Yes. Occurs in Sri Lanka and India] "Along ditches, river banks, damp grasslands, Saxifragaceae). Science Press & Missouri waste places, roadsides, fields, disturbed sites; 700–4100 m. Heilongjiang, Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis Jiangsu, Jilin, Xinjiang [India, Japan, Kashmir, Kazakstan, Korea, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan; SW Asia, Europe; naturalized elsewhere]." 205 2001. Hanelt, P. (ed.). Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (except range? Yes] "Wild in Europe and W Asia, but it has been often introduced to other Ornamentals), Volume 1. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, continents." Heidelberg, New York 301 1988. Webb, C. J./Sykes, W.R./Garnock-Jones, [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes. New Zealand] "N.: Auckland, Rotorua; S.: P.J.. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Marlborough (Kaikoura), Canterbury, Westland, Otago, Southland. " Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch, New Zealand http://FloraSeries.LandcareResearch.co.nz 301 2007. DiTomaso, J.. Weeds of California and [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Distribution: Great Basin, northern Sierra Other Western States, Volume 1. UCANR Nevada, and southern North Coast Ranges, to 1000 m. Expected to expand its Publications, Oakland, CA range in California. Most contiguous states, except a few southern and western states." 301 2013. USDA ARS National Genetic Resources [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Naturalized: Program. Germplasm Resources Information AUSTRALASIA Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- New Zealand: New Zealand bin/npgs/html/index.pl NORTHERN AMERICA Canada United States SOUTHERN AMERICA Southern South America: Argentina - Chubut, Rio Negro" 302 2013. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? A disturbance adapted weed that impacts agriculture. See 3.03] 303 1991. MacDonald, M.A./Cavers, P.B.. The biology [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? Yes] "Barbarea vulgaris is an important of Canadian weeds.: 97. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.. weed of small-seeded grain and hay crops in Ontario (Alex and Switzer 1983). Out Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 71(1): 149- of seven major weed species in spring wheat in Russia, Barbarea vulgaris caused 166. the third greatest reductions in crop yield (Nesterova and Chukanova 1981). This weediness is based on a combination of rapid increase in numbers (Fertig 1968), inedibility of the rachis at maturity (which causes rejection by cows of hay containing the raches (Fertig 1963; Dutt et al. 1982), long-term seed dormancy and intermittent recruitment. " … "Barbarea vulgaris is one of the worst weeds in vegetable and small fruit fields in Belgium (Himme et al. 1984, 1985)." Print Date: 10/25/2013 Barbarea vulgaris (Brassicaceae) Page 3 of 7 303 2006. NatureServe. Invasive Species [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? Yes] "It is an important agricultural weed, Assessment Protocol: U.S. National regulated as a noxious weed seed in at least 6 states. From its usual initial Assessments - Barbarea vulgaris. establishment points of cultivated fields or waste places, it can spread to a variety www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsm of upland and wetland habitats, including prairies/grasslands, upland forests and 91_054506.pdf woodlands, riparian herbaceous vegetation and wet meadows, wetland forests (riparian and swamps), and partially open upland habitats (old fields and forest edges)." 304 2006. NatureServe. Invasive Species [Environmental weed? No] "Although it can achieve reasonably high abundance in Assessment Protocol: U.S. National invaded areas, especially areas with intermittent disturbance, it does not appear to Assessments - Barbarea vulgaris. have significant impacts on biodiversity; the species is a weak competitor and www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsm does not influence ecosystem processes. Control is easily accomplished through 91_054506.pdf hand-pulling, mowing, or herbicide, although the seed bank may persist for 10 years or more." … 'No mention of disproportionate impacts on particular native species found in the literature; assumption is that any impacts are not significant." 305 2012.