Theses on Translation An Organon for the Current Moment Lawrence Venuti THESES ON TRANSLATION: AN ORGANON FOR THE CURRENT MOMENT © 2019 Lawrence Venuti This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommer- cial-Share Alike 4.0 International License, which means that you are free to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and you may also remix, transform and build upon the material, as long as you clearly attribute the work to the authors (but not in a way that suggests the authors or Flugschriften endorses you and your work), you do not use this work for commercial gain in any form whatsoever, and that for any remixing and transformation, you distribute your rebuild under the same license. First Published in 2019 by Flugschriften Pittsburgh and New York https://flugschriften.com/ Flugschriften rekindles the long tradition of 16th-century pamphlets –or ‘flying writings’– giving heterodox, experimental, challenging writings a pair of wings with which to find like-minded readers. Flugschriften publishes short, sharp shocks to the system–whether this be the political system, literary system, academic system, or human nervous system. ISBN-13: 978-1-7335365-4-7 ISBN-10: 1-7335365-4-X Front cover: My hands after holding dirty things (2015), by Ignasi Aballí. Post-cover (p.3): Doble lectura (Perec/libro) [Double reading (Perec/book)] (2010), by Ignasi Aballí. Back cover: Adaptation from Bertel Thorvaldsen’s copy of a Roman bust of Marcus Tullius Cicero (1799-1800), by Felipe Mancheno. Layout design: Felipe Mancheno. 1 No practice can be performed without the assumption of theo- retical concepts that both enable and constrain it. No theory can be formulated without addressing the materiality of a practice, its partic- ular forms and procedures, which allow concepts to be made precise in thought and effective in application.1 Translation theory constitutes conceptual parameters within which practical problems are articulated and solutions discovered. But the parameters give rise only to those problems and solutions that are specifically determined by the con- cepts delimiting the parameters. Other problems, those that are not so determined, are excluded. Translation theory can lead to the development of innovative trans- lation practices while translation practices can lead to the formulation of innovative theoretical concepts. Theory without practical application devolves into theoreticism, a fetishizing of speculation that reduces translation to abstraction. Practice without theoretical reflection de- 1 Cf. Jacques Derrida’s seminar, Theory and Practice, trans. David Wills, ed. Geoffrey Ben- nington and Peggy Kamuf (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019): “You can be sure that each time you try to cross over the edge of [déborder] the opposition theory/practice you’ll be doing it with a gesture that will sometimes be analogous to a practice, sometimes to a theory, sometimes to both at once” (86). 4 volves into practicism, a fetishizing of problem-solving that reduces translation to individual verbal choices. Both extremes wind up tran- scending or repressing the cultural situation and historical moment that determine the nature and significance of a translated text. This transcendence promotes a presentism that sustains the status quo in translation as well as in the receiving culture at large by failing to es- tablish a historical basis to critique them. The recourse to history can develop a critical opposition to the present that is not reducible to the ideological contradictions that divide the current conjuncture but rather seeks to imagine what might be in the future.2 2 Any interpretation implicitly judges a text to be worthy of inter- pretation, erasing the distinction between fact and value, ensuring that analysis is simultaneously evaluation—even if the evaluation should prove to be negative.3 No text is directly accessible without the medi- ation of interpretation, whether performed by the reader on first en- countering a text or preceding that reading experience and shaping or infiltrating it. Any text, furthermore, varies in form, meaning, and 2 A reworking of Fredric Jameson’s Marxist concept of historicism, in which “it is not we who sit in judgment of the past, but rather the past, the radical difference of other modes of production (and even of the immediate past of our own mode of production), which judges us, imposing the painful knowledge of what we are not, what we are no longer, what we are not yet.” See Jameson, “Marxism and Historicism,” New Literary History 11/1 (1979): 41-73, p.70. 3 Barbara Herrnstein Smith, Contingencies of Value: Alternative Perspectives for Critical Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), pp. 10-11. 5 effect according to the different contexts in which it is situated, and so any text can support multiple and conflicting interpretations, whether within the same historical period or spanning different periods.4 Thus, any source text comes to the translation process always al- ready mediated by interpretive practices that position it in a network of signification. Some of these practices originate in the source cul- ture, while others are located in the receiving culture. As soon as the translator begins to read the source text, it is mediated yet again, that is to say interpreted, and the translator’s interpretation looks in two directions at once, answering not only to the source text and culture but also to the translating language and culture. The interpretation inscribed by a translation, however, is ultimately weighted toward the receiving situation. Translation is fundamentally assimilationist. 3 To analyze-evaluate a translation simply by comparing it to the source text is an act of self-delusion that is simultaneously self-congratu- latory. The comparison is always mediated by interpretants,5 factors that 4 These statements recapitulate Jacques Derrida’s concepts of “inscription” and “iter- ability”; see “Violence and Metaphysics: An Essay on the Thought of Emmanuel Levinas,” Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), p. 115, and “Signature Event Context,” Margins of Philosophy, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 320. 5 The term “interpretant” is adapted from Charles S. Peirce, The Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition, 1867-1871, ed. Edward C. Moore (Bloomington: Indiana Uni- versity Press, 1984), 2:53-54; Umberto Eco, A Theory of Semiotics (Bloomington: Indiana Uni- versity Press, 1976), pp. 15, 69-71; and Eco, “Peirce’s Notion of Interpretant,” MLN 91 (1976): 1457-1472. 6 perform a forceful interpretive act, but that generally go unrecognized by the analyst-evaluator. Hence the self-delusion. The interpretants start with a concept of equivalence, a relation of correspondence that supposedly the translation can and ought to establish with the source text. This concept usually stipulates a segment of that text as the unit of translation, which can range from the individual word or sentence to the paragraph or chapter, even to the entire text. The source-text unit is then fixed in form, meaning, or effect to create the basis for gauging whether a comparable unit of the translation is equivalent. Finally, a code or theme is applied to determine that it is shared by the respec- tive units, but that code amounts to the analyst-evaluator’s interpreta- tion of the source text. The interpretants that enable the comparison eliminate interpretive possibilities that depend on a different concept of equivalence, a different unit of translation, and a different code. Too often the analyst-evaluator’s interpretation is at once suppressed and privileged beneath the blind assumption of direct access to the source text. Hence the self-congratulation. 4 Since antiquity, around the world, thinking about translation has been dominated by an instrumental model: translation is understood as the reproduction or transfer of an invariant, contained in or caused by the source text, an invariant form, meaning, or effect. In antiquity the invariant is premised on a sacred truth or a consecration of the 7 source language and culture; subsequently it comes to be secularized as a metaphysical essence. Yet the invariant does not exist. If any text can support potentially infinite interpretations, then any text can be translated in potentially infinite ways. A hermeneutic model of translation, therefore, emerg- ing first in the early nineteenth century and undergoing various per- mutations since that time, stands to be comprehensive and incisive. It understands translation as an interpretive act that varies the form, meaning, and effect of the source text according to intelligibilities and interests in the receiving situation. It acknowledges the linguistic and cultural differences that translation is implemented to resolve but in- evitably proliferates. It is capable not only of encompassing the man- ifold conditions under which a translation is produced and received, but also of drawing precise distinctions among them. Translation is imitative yet transformative. It can and routinely does establish a semantic correspondence and a stylistic approxima- tion to the source text. But these relations can never give back that text intact. Any text is a complex cultural artifact, supporting meanings, values, and functions that are indivisible from its originary language and culture. Translation interprets a source-text process of signification and reception by creating another such process, supporting meanings, values, and functions that are indivisible from the translating language and culture. Change is unavoidable. 8 Ignasi Aballí, Llibretes negres (1988-2008) [Black Notebooks (1988-2008)] (2008) Thus, incommensurability occasions and remains largely unaf- fected by translation. This fact does not, however, support claims of untranslatability.6 Such claims necessarily assume a concept of what translation is, how it should be performed, what it should yield. That concept is an instrumental model of translation, positing an invariant that should but cannot be reproduced. If any text can be interpreted, however, then any text can be translated.