THE EXPULSION OF THE SPANIARDS FROM MEXICO, 1827-182*7 By HAROLD DANA SIMS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN FABTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DECREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1968 flplll 3 1262 08666 482 7 Copyright by Harold Dana Sims 1968 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The initial inspiration for this dissertation was provided by the chairman of my committee, Dr. Lyle N. McAlister. His constant interest in the project, as well as his thorough criticism of the results were invaluable. The research was conducted under two grants from the Foreign Area Fellowship Program, New York, during the years 1964-1966. With- out the generous financial assistance of this worthy organization, I could not have completed the work at Berkeley, Austin, and Mexico City. Among the many who advised me along the way, the archivists deserve a special vote of thanks. Dr. Nettie Lee Benson and Mr. James Breedlove of the Latin American Collection, University of Texas; Professor Rubio Mun£, and Sr. Guzman of the Archivo General de la Naci6n Mexicana, Mexico City, were of invaluable assistance to me during my researches. The stout encouragement and untiring copying hand of my wife, Retsuko, who sacrificed her Spanish classes in order to aid me in the Archives, should not be left unmentioned. Finally, a vote of gratitude to Mrs. Cella Lescano, who typed and proofread the final manuscript. Hi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS '.'...' i i I LIST OF TABLES ' • vii LIST OF FIGURES x INTRODUCTION 1 The Conflict between Creoles and Spaniards in the Early Nineteenth Century 1 The Three Guarantees Contained in the Plan of Iguala . 6 CHAPTER I. THE SPANIARDS OF MEXICO IN 1827 1^ The Spaniards Remaining in 1827 .' 14 The Spaniards' Occupation in 1827 23 A Comparison of Spanish and Creole Occupations in Durango k2 Conclusions 53 II. THE SPANIARDS AND THE ITURBIDEAN EMPIRE 57 The Introduction of the Scottish Rite and Its Link with the Spaniards 57 The Escoc^s Opposition to the Iturbidean Empire . 62 The Fall of the Iturbidean Empire 65 The Spaniards under the Executive Power 81 Conclusions 91 III. THE OPPOSITION TO THE SPANIARDS IN THE NEW REPUBLIC 102 The Revolt of General Lobato, January, 182^+ . 102 The Conflict between the Escoceses and the American Creoles in 1824 Ill* IV. THE YORKINOS AND THE SPANISH QUESTION 139 The Emergence of the Yorkino Party 139 The Yorkino Party and the Spaniards, 1825-1826 . 150 Iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) CHAPTER Page V. THE SPANIARDS AND THE ARENAS CONSPIRACY I69 The Conspiracy of January 1827 1 69 The Reaction of the Victoria Government I8O The Effect of the Arenas Affair on Mexican Politics 189 VI. THE REMOVAL OF THE SPANIARDS FROM GOVERNMENT POSTS: THE FEDERAL LAW OF MAY 10, 1827 198 VII. THE MOVEMENTS AGAINST THE SPANIARDS IN THE STATES . .' . 239 The Removal of the Spanish Employees i -i the States . 239 The Renewal of the Expulsion Movenonts in the States 2^3 The Expulsion Law of Jalisco 259 VIII. THE EXPULSION OF THE SPANIARDS FROM THE STATES AND THE 276 FEDERAL LAW OF DECEMBER 20, 1827 The Expulsion Laws of the Remaining States 276 The Evolution of the Federal Law in the Congress . , 298 IX. THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE FIRST FEDERAL LAW OF EXPULSION: PART ; 316 The Reaction of the Escoceses: The Revolt of Vice President Bravo 316 The Enforcement during the First Three Months , . 324 X. THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE FIRST FEDERAL LAW OF EXPULSION: PART II 349 The Enforcement during the Second Three Months . 3^9 The Cases of Six Prominent Spaniards 373 XI. THE RESULTS OF THE FIRST GENERAL EXPULSION OF SPANIARDS 380 The Extent of the Expulsion 386 The Effects of the Expulsion on the Clergy 3S8 The Results of the Expulsion 4Ci> Conclusions 415 APPENDIX A. PLAN DE LOBATO i+38 TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) APPENDIX Page B. THE PLAN OF THE ARENAS CONSPIRACY OF JANUARY 1827 ... ^439 C. THE LAW OF MAY 10, 1827 r(. D. THE LAW OF DECEMBER 20, 1827, WITH THE INITIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ITS ENFORCEMEfiT .^ . Z^5 BIBLIOGRAPHY .... hsk LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Spanish Immigration to the State of Oaxaca: I762-I826 . 18 2. Spaniards Entering, Departing, or Denied Entry into the Republic, 1826-1827 19 3. A Report by the Secretary of Relations on December 31, 1827 20 k. Distribution of the Estimated Spanish Population of Mexico in 1827 22 5. Occupations of Spaniards Residing in the Republic of Mexico in 1827 2k 6. Occupations of Spaniards in the State of Chihuahua in 1827 28 7. Occupations of Spaniards in the State of Jalisco in 1827 . 29 8. Occupations of Spaniards in the State of Nuevo Le6n in 1827 31 9. Occupations of Spaniards in the State of Oaxaca in 1827 • 33 10. Occupations of Spaniards in the State of Q.uer6taro in 1827 35 11. Occupations of Spaniards in the State of Tabasco in 1827 . 37 12. Occupations of Spaniards in the State of Yucatan in 1827 • 38 13. Populaci6n de todas las Partidas del Estado de Durango . kk ]k. Occupations of Spaniards in the State of Durango in 1827 . ^5 15. A Comparative View of the Occupations of Criollos and Peninsulares in Durango in June 1827 ^7 16. The Occupations of Criollos and Peninsulares in Durango in 1827 Summarized kS 17. The Resolution Completed by the Chamber of Deputies on December 11, 1827, Summarized with the Votes on Key Articles 308 18. A Summary of the Report Submitted to Congress by the Ministry of Relations on February 20, I828, Spaniards Receiving Passports, December 20, 1827-February 20, I828 335 vll LIST OF TABLES (cont.) Table Page 19. A Summary of the Report Submitted to Congress by the Ministry of Relations on March 20, I828, Spaniards Receiving Passports February 21 -March 20, I828 .... 3'*1 20. A Summary of the Reports Submitted to Congress by the Ministry of Relations on May 20, I828, Spaniards Given Passports and Excepted, April 20-May 20, I828 . 363 21. A Summary of the Lists Submitted to Congress by the Min- istry of Relations in I828 36^ 22. Spaniards Issued Passports by the Governors of States, Territories and the Federal District, December 1827" January 1829 38? 23> Departures by Spaniards, Their Wives and Children as a Result of the Law of December 20, 1827 389 2k. Departures by Spaniards from Mexican Ports, December 1827-February 1829 392 25. Departures by Dependents of Spaniards from Mexican Ports, December 1827-February 1829 393 26. Travel Expenses Reported Extended to Spaniards Expelled, I827-I828 395 27. The Destinations of Ships Bearing Expelled Spaniards, December 1827-February 1829 396 28. Distribution of Spaniards Excepted from the Law of December 20, 1827 399 29. Estado de Chihuahua 400 30. The Changes Occurring In the Number of Regular Clergy in Mexico, 1 826-1 828 ^+03 31. The Spanish Regular Clergy of Mexico, 1827 'O^ 32. The Changes Occurring In the Number of Secular Clergy in Mexico, I826-I828 koe 33« 1828: Estado que manifiesta los espartoles eclesilst Icos del clero regular y secular U07 vMl LIST OF TABLES (cont.) Table Page 3^. The Expulsion Law of December 20, 1827: A Summary of Reports from the State and Federal Governments 408 35. The Final Report to Congress by the Ministry of Relations on the Results of the First General Expulsion of Spaniards ^10 36. The Fate of Spaniards in the Federal District, December 1827-January 1829 k]k 37. Estimated Changes in the Spanish Population of Mexico, 1827" I828 k]7 38. Occupations of Spaniards Given Passports, I827-I828 .... 4l8 39. Occupations of Spaniards Departing from the Ports of Mexico, 1 827-1 828 420 kO, Occupations of Spaniards Departing from the Ports of Campe- che, Guaimas, Mazatlan and Tampico 422 k] . Revenue and Expenses of the Federal Government of Mexico, I822-I828 426 42. Customs Receipts from 1823 to the Fiscal Year Ending I828 . 427 43. Mexican Imports and Exports from I826 through I828 .... 429 44. The Commercial Transactions between Mexico and the United States from I826 through I828 430 tx LIST OF FIGURES Figure Table 1. The Personnel Directing the Executive Power: March 31 1823-October 10, 182U \ ,q5 2. The Five Cabinets of the Victoria Government: 182^-1829 151 3. The Conspirators of 1827 Reported in Published Sources . 1 76 k. Thirty-Nine Conspirators of January 1827 Whose Trials Had Not Been Completed by June I828 ) 77 The 5. Laws Removing the Spaniards from Their Government Posts in I827 240 6. Some Armed Petitions of 182? Calling for the Expulsion of the Spaniards 24c 7. The Provisions of the Expulsion Laws of 1827 in Eleven '^^^" 297 8. The Expulsion Proposals Considered by the Chamber of Deputies in 1827 and the Law of December 20 303 9. A Partial List of the Officers Involved in the Montano '^"^°'^ 321 5 ^ INTRODUCTION The Conflict between Creoles and Spaniards in the Early Nineteenth Century The principal focus of discontent in early nineteenth century Mexico was to be found in the Creole segment of society. Historians of the independence movements have emphasized the Creole's dissatis- faction with his minor role in the colonial government and Church. The Creole was prone to make invidious comparisons between his own polit- ically subordinate position and the advantageous position traditionally enjoyed by the European Spaniard. The conflict dated back to the sixteenth century when: The widening rift between the descendants of the conquerors [Creoles] and Spanish officialdom was one of the most active ingredients in the nascent nationalism which split New Spain permanently into two factions, cr iol los and gachupi nes .