Wai 2200, #A198 Porirua ki Manawatū Inquiry Inland Waterways Cultural Perspectives Technical Report Te Rangitāwhia Whakatupu Mātauranga Ltd By Associate Professor Huhana Smith 2017 A report commissioned by the Crown Forestry Rental Trust 1 Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 9 1.1 Report writer ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 The team .......................................................................................................................... 10 1.3 The purpose ..................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Geographic Scope and Limitations .................................................................................. 12 1.4.1 Themes, topics and maps .................................................................................... 13 1.4.2 Notes on the research themes .............................................................................. 36 1.5 Origins of Project ............................................................................................................. 37 1.5.1 Relationship to other reports and use of additional voices ................................. 37 1.6 Acknowledging active kaitaikitanga within the rohe ...................................................... 39 CHAPTER 2: CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND TO THIS PORIRUA KI MANAWATŪ INLAND WATERWAYS – CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES REPORT ..... 44 2.1 Contextualising Tikanga Māori ....................................................................................... 44 2.4 Outline of iwi representatives .......................................................................................... 50 2.4.1 Statement of Muaūpoko ................................................................................... 50 2.4.2 Statement of Ngāti Raukawa .............................................................................. 52 2.4.3 Statement of Rangitāne .................................................................................... 55 2.4.4 Statement of Te Ātiawa ...................................................................................... 58 2.4.5 Statement of Ngātiawa ........................................................................................ 60 2.4.6 Statement of Ngati Toa ....................................................................................... 61 2.5 Progress Reports .............................................................................................................. 62 2.5.1 Timeframes ......................................................................................................... 63 2.5.2 The research approach and methodology ........................................................... 63 2.6 Consultation with other research providers in the Porirua ki Manawatu Inquiry ............ 63 2.7 Wānanga, hui and consultation for iwi/hapū interviewees in the Porirua ki Manawatū Inquiry ............................................................................................................ 64 2.8 Protecting iwi/hapū voices ............................................................................................... 67 2.9 Important cross-iwi dialogue and liaison with representatives ........................................ 68 2.10 Collecting, summarising and storing oral histories ........................................................ 69 2.11 Existing oral history records ............................................................................................ 71 2.12 Written records and documentation ................................................................................. 72 2.13 Progress reports on range of activities ............................................................................. 73 2.13.1 Scoping reports and linking other projects ......................................................... 74 CHAPTER 3: CUSTOMARY USE ......................................................................................... 76 3.1 Interview with Wayne Kiriona ........................................................................................ 78 3.1.1 Permits ................................................................................................................ 79 3.2 Customary storing of tuna (eel) as kai ............................................................................. 81 1 3.3 Case Study of Lake Tangimate – the destruction of a significant dune lake with eel weirs ........................................................................................................................... 84 3.4 Other related interviews about Poroutāwhao region ........................................................ 87 3.4.1 Māori ritual and water......................................................................................... 90 3.5 He Maungarongo or the Peace Treaty track .................................................................... 92 3.6 Impacts of Drainage ......................................................................................................... 93 3.7 Puna wai (springs) from Porotāwhao region ................................................................... 97 3.8 Gifts of resources for customary use ............................................................................... 97 3.9 Streams at Waitarere ........................................................................................................ 98 3.10 Interview with Te Kenehi Teira, Kererū Marae and Kōputōroa ................................. 100 3.11 A Ngāti Ngarongo perspective ...................................................................................... 104 3.12 A Ngāti Tukorehe perspective ...................................................................................... 113 3.12.1 Case study of taniwha and waterways in Kuku ................................................ 114 3.12.2 Experiences with tuna heke, eeling and kanga pīrau ........................................ 117 3.12.3 The Mangananao Stream .................................................................................. 119 3.12.4 Puna wai (springs) from Kuku region ............................................................... 120 3.12.5 Customary use of different resources from awa-iti or streams ......................... 122 3.13 Interview with Te Whena Lewis regarding certain waterways and beaches in Waikawa region ............................................................................................................. 124 3.13.1 Loss of habitat in Waikawa and Ōhau .............................................................. 126 3.13.2 Chemical pollution and non-point source pollution .......................................... 127 3.13.3 The loss of habitat and taonga species, whether fish or shellfish ..................... 128 3.13.4 Loss of special places, particularly wetlands .................................................... 132 3.13.5 Faecal contamination in the Waiwiri Stream and shellfish............................... 132 3.14 Interview with Charles Te Ahukaramū Royal ............................................................... 135 3.15 Memories of Manawatū awa with Ngāti Whakatere ..................................................... 139 3.16 Some Muaūpoko perspective ......................................................................................... 146 3.17 A Te Āti Awa ki Whakarongotai perspective ................................................................ 149 CHAPTER 4: IMPACTS OF COLONISATION ................................................................. 155 4.1 Separating people from their papakāinga and loss of Te Reo Māori ............................. 157 4.1.1 Journey towards language retention ................................................................. 160 4.1.2 The recollections of Whatarangi Winiata of Lake Horowhenua and Hōkio Stream……. ................................................................................................................... 161 4.1.3 Special birds, trees and shellfish in the Hōkio rohe .......................................... 163 4.2 Dislocation from turangawaewae .................................................................................. 164 4.3 Patrick Seymour and Lake Koputara – he taonga tuku iho, he mahinga kai ................. 167 4.3.1 Restoring the mana of Lake Koputara .............................................................. 169 4.4 A Te Āti Awa perspective ............................................................................................. 171 4.4.1 Changes in relationships to water ..................................................................... 172 2 CHAPTER 5: TITLE AND OWNERSHIP............................................................................ 176 5.1 Ngāti Kauwhata and the Ōroua River ............................................................................ 176 5.2 A Te Āti Awa perspective on title and ownership ......................................................... 183 5.3 A Ngāti Huia Perspective .............................................................................................. 184 5.4 Ngāti Whakatere perspective on ownership .................................................................. 185 CHAPTER 6: RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND GRAVEL EXTRACTION ............