Review of CO2 storage capacity of Greece, Albania and FYROM George Hatziyannis Instiute of Geology and Mineral Exploration EU GeoCapacity open final conference «GeoCapacity results and the future for geological storage of CO2 » 21 and 22 October 2009, Copenhagen, Denmark Introduction • In the frame of EU GEOCAPACITY project the assessment of the CO2 storage capacity has been carried out for Greece, Albania and F.Y.R.O.M.. For the two latter countries it was the first assessment, while for Greece it was an update of the assessment carried out in the frame of GESTCO project. • All three countries have been included in the North East group with Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania. • They have a significant storage capacity (compared to their annual emissions) although in different geological environments. 2 Storage capacity of Greece CO2 emissions •The annual emissions (in 2005) amounted to 110 Mt of CO2. The emissions from 36 big static sources (>100 kt/year) amounted to 69 Mt. •They are emitted mainly from the energy sector (77%) and the rest from cement, steel and metal industries, refineries and chemical factories. •The main fossil fuel is local lignite with 2 big power complexes, in West Macedonia and in Peloponnese. 4 Storage capacity estimates The estimates have been carried out with the standards set in the project A summary of them is given below: Average CO2 emissions CO2 emissions year(s) (Mt) CO2 emissions from large point sources in database 2005 69 total CO2 emissions 2005 110 Conservative estimate Estimate in database CO 2 storage capacity pyramid class (Mt) (Mt) Storage capacity in aquifers Effective 184 184 Storage capacity in aquifers 1936 1936 Storage capacity in hydrocarbon fields Effective 70 70 Storage capacity in coal fields N/A Total storage capacity estimate 2190 2190 5 CO2 storage capacity • Main CO2 storage sinks occur in: • aquifers with a potential of 2120 Mt of CO2 (Prinos Miocene basin, W. Thessaloniki – Thermailos basin and Mesohellenic trough). • hydrocarbon fields with a potential of 70 Mt of CO2. • The storage potential of coal beds is practically negligible. 6 Hydrocarbon fields Cross section through the Prinos sedimentary basin – aquifer (N. Aegean sea). This is the main H-C province of the country. The 2 main productive H-C fields are shown. In the same basin there are some more no economic fields. Two more H-C fileds occur in Epanomi area and W. Peloponnese. 7 Geology of Greece Screening of suitable aquifers. •External zones in W. Greece are very structurally disturbed and not suitable for storage, as is the case in Croatia, too. The Tertiary basins are most suited, especially in N. Aegean and central Greece. 8 Deep saline aquifers • There are three main aquifers in Greece suitable for CO2 storage. They are: – The Prinos sedimentary basin. – The W. Thessaloniki – Thermaikos gulf basin. – The Mesohellenic trough. All of them are of Tertiary age and saline. Their storage capacity amounts to ~2 Gt. of CO2 and two of the basins are shown in the next slides. 9 Deep aquifer of Mesohellenic trough 10 W. Thessaloniki – Thermaikos aquifer The W. Thessaloniki aquifer occurs in the basin with the same name. The basin is located to the west of Thessaloniki city and covers an area of more than 4000 km2. It is a molasse type basin developed during the Lower Eocene time by the extensional faulting following the main folding period of Alpine orogen. It is oriented parallel to the general NW – SE trend of the surrounding geotectonic zones, Serbomacedonian (to the east) and Vardar (to the west). In this basin there are good saline aquifers for which a regional and some local estimations have been carried out. There are also some good structural traps, for some of which the storage capacity was estimated. A thick clay bed consists a good seal. The total storage capacity amounts to 645 Mt 11 of CO2. Case study Meliti II and Thessaloniki 1. The case study refers to a new power station (planned) located in N. Greece, close to the borders with FYROM. The installed capacity will be 430 MWe and the fuel will be the local lignite. 2. The CO2 emissions are estimated to 120 - 130 Mt for the 45 years life of the plant Therefore the produced CO2 will be 2.7 – 2.9 Mt annually. 3. The CO2 sink could be the W. Thessaloniki – Korifi aquifer lying in a mean depth of. 2000 m below ground level. Its storage capacity has been estimated to 645 Mt of CO2 . 4. Both the source and sink are shown in the following map.The start year for the case study has been set to 2009 and the start of CO2 injection at 2015 in order to allow for enough time for the preparation phase. The end of capture and storage has been put to 2060. 5. The computed unit cost per ton of CO2 avoided amounts to about 47€. The biggest partial cost is of course the capture cost amounting to about 81% of total unit cost. The second largest component cost is the compression due to the relative large transport distance (~140 km) 12 Case study Meliti II power plant and Thessaloniki sink M E L I T I SINK 13 Storage capacity of Albania CO2 emissions (in 2006) •The single big CO2 emissions source is located in Fier area, (CO2 emissions>181 ktons/year). Another power station with 67 ktons CO2 per year is located close to BALLSH town. Both lie in the south west Albania. Smaller sources of CO2 occur in the wider area such as the refineries close to the oil fields. •The contribution of each source is shown in the next diagram. •According to new information two new power plants (oil and coal fired) are being constructed, and the emissions will increase in the next years. Refinery Ballsh Refinery Fier Power Fier Power Ballsh15 Storage capacity estimates The estimates have been carried out with the standards set in the project A summary of them is given below: Average CO2 emissions CO2 emissions year(s) (Mt) CO2 emissions from large point sources in database 2006 0,2 total CO2 emissions 2006 0,3 CO 2 storage capacity pyramid class Conservative estimate (Mt) Estimate in database (Mt) Storage capacity in aquifers Effective 20 20 Storage capacity in hydrocarbon fields Effective 111 111 Storage capacity in coal fields N/A Total storage capacity estimate Effective 131 131 16 Storage sites • The storage capacity of Albania was estimated for the hydrocarbon fields and a big salt dome (Dumrea area). • The country has many oil and gas fields, some of which are exhausted. • They are classified in 2 big groups: – Those in sandstones are of Tertiary age. An example is the field of Divjaka (next slide). – Those in carbonates of Ionian geotectonic zone and of Upper Cretaceous to Eocene in age. An example is the field of Cacran – Mollaj, included in the case study for this country. The storage capacity of H-C fields amounts to 111 Mt of CO2 and is the biggest in hydrocarbon fields among the three countries. 17 Hydrocarbon field in Divjaka area Environments and litostratigraphic units in Plio-Pleistocen 1 71 235 15 170 Divjaka Region C ? P rode lt B ? C a ? B Tur A bidi te A ? Legend Faunistic boundary A B Seismic sequence Facie change Pliocene base Lithological unit 18 Storage capacity of Dumrea salt dome The salt dome is a big diapiric body extending up to a depth of 5000 m. By opening large caverns in the salt it is Longitudinal geological profile 18/87+89 (II-II) in the region possible to store CO2 in those (as an of Dumrea analogue to storage of methane). The CO2 storage capacity of a single cavern with dimensions R=40m and H=300m is about 1000 ktons. The number of caverns that can be created in the area of Dumrea is large and the CO2 storage potential is in the order of some decades of million of tons. Of course the spacing between caverns is important as well as the mechanical properties of rock salt. 19 Geophysical-geological profile of Dumrea area 20 Case study Fier and Cacran This case study refers to one CO2 source from a power station and one sink in a hydrocarbon field, both located in southwest Albania as shown in the map. The power station is located close to Fier city, is operated by the company AEC and the fuel used is heavy oil. It has an installed capacity of 160 MWe and started operation in 1966. During 2006 it produced about 93 GWh of electricity and emitted 182 kt of CO2 . It is the only big CO2 point emission source of the country (>100 kt/year). The sink is the Cakran – Mollaj hydrocarbon field located into the big complex of carbonate fields to the east – southeast of the source. It occurs in limestones of U. Cretaceous – Eocene age and in a depth ranging between 2650 and 3700 m. It is an operational field at present, producing about 589 bopd of 12-37o API oil from fractured carbonates. The field is a structural trap as shown in the next slide. The CO2 transport can be done by a pipeline system which can follow the existing pipelines for oil and gas. At present there is not any thought from the local main stakeholders for capturing and storing CO2 . The Albanian government plans to install in the immediate future two more power stations using 21 diesel oil and coal as fuel,without considering CCS. Cacran – Mollaj oil field As it is shown by the economic data the normalised mean cost of CO2 avoided amounts to 118 € per ton.