crossmark Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria Essaid Ait Barka,a Parul Vatsa,a Lisa Sanchez,a Nathalie Gaveau-Vaillant,a Cedric Jacquard,a Hans-Peter Klenk,b Christophe Clément,a Yder Ouhdouch,c Gilles P. van Wezeld Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, Francea; School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdomb; Faculté de Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Biotechnologie des Microorganismes, Marrakesh, Moroccoc; Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Sylvius Laboratories, Downloaded from Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlandsd SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................................................2 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................................2 BIOLOGY OF ACTINOBACTERIA................................................................................................................................2 Taxonomy of Actinobacteria.................................................................................................................................3 Morphological classification..............................................................................................................................3 (i) Mycelial morphology................................................................................................................................4 http://mmbr.asm.org/ (ii) Spore chain morphology ...........................................................................................................................4 (iii) Spore chain length .................................................................................................................................4 (iv) Melanoid pigments ................................................................................................................................4 Chemotaxonomic classification ..........................................................................................................................5 Molecular Classification .....................................................................................................................................7 The genus Tropheryma ...................................................................................................................................7 The genus Propionibacterium.............................................................................................................................7 The genus Micromonospora ..............................................................................................................................7 The genus Salinispora ....................................................................................................................................7 The genus Mycobacterium................................................................................................................................9 The genus Nocardia ......................................................................................................................................9 on February 8, 2017 by WALAEUS LIBRARY/BIN 299 The genus Corynebacterium ..............................................................................................................................9 The genus Gordonia.....................................................................................................................................10 The genus Rhodococcus.................................................................................................................................10 The genus Leifsonia .....................................................................................................................................10 The genus Bifidobacterium ..............................................................................................................................10 The genus Gardnerella ..................................................................................................................................11 The genus Streptomyces.................................................................................................................................11 The genus Frankia.......................................................................................................................................11 The genus Thermobifida.................................................................................................................................11 PHYSIOLOGY AND ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION OF STREPTOMYCES ........................................................................................11 The Streptomyces Life Cycle ................................................................................................................................11 Environmental Control of Aerial Hypha Formation ........................................................................................................12 Facilitating Aerial Growth: the Roles of Chaplins, Rodlins, and SapB .......................................................................................13 From Aerial Hyphae to Spores: Sporulation-Specific Cell Division and the Cytoskeleton ..................................................................15 STREPTOMYCETES AS ANTIBIOTIC FACTORIES .............................................................................................................16 Correlation between Growth and Antibiotic Production ..................................................................................................16 Programmed cell death and the DasR system ..........................................................................................................16 Stringent control ........................................................................................................................................17 Morphological control ..................................................................................................................................17 From global control to the activation of specific gene clusters .........................................................................................18 ACTINOBACTERIA AS SOURCES OF NATURAL PRODUCTS .................................................................................................18 Actinobacteria as Sources of Antibiotics ...................................................................................................................18 Actinobacteria as Sources of Insecticides ..................................................................................................................18 Actinobacteria as Sources of Bioherbicide and Bioinsecticide Agents .....................................................................................18 Actinobacteria as Sources of Antifungal Agents............................................................................................................21 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ACTINOBACTERIA AND OTHER ORGANISMS ...................................................................................21 (continued) Published 25 November 2015 Citation Barka EA, Vatsa P, Sanchez L, Gaveau-Vaillant N, Jacquard C, Klenk H-P, Clément C, Ouhdouch Y, van Wezel GP. 2016. Taxonomy, physiology, and natural products of Actinobacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 80:1–43. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00019-15. Address correspondence to Essaid Ait Barka, [email protected], or Gilles P. van Wezel, [email protected]. Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. March 2016 Volume 80 Number 1 Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews mmbr.asm.org 1 Barka et al. Interactions between Actinobacteria and Invertebrates ...................................................................................................21 Interaction with ants ....................................................................................................................................21 Interactions with beetles ................................................................................................................................21 Interactions with protozoans............................................................................................................................21 Interactions between Actinobacteria and Vertebrates .....................................................................................................21 Interactions between Actinobacteria and Plants ...........................................................................................................22 Plant-Actinobacteria deleterious interactions ...........................................................................................................22 (i) Actinobacteria as plant pathogens .................................................................................................................22 (ii) Traits of pathogenicity.............................................................................................................................23 Plant-Actinobacteria beneficial interactions .............................................................................................................24