DRAFT MCDOWELL SONORAN PRESERVE CULTURAL RESOURCES MASTER PLAN CITY OF SCOTTSDALE | LOGAN SIMPSON JUNE , DRAFT SUBMITTAL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES III LIST OF TABLES IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY V CHAPTER 1 | INTRODUCTION TO THE PLAN 1 Preserve Background 1 Acquisition of Preserve Lands and the Basis for Planning 2 City’s Vision and Goals 2 Current Status of the Preserve 3 CHAPTER 2 | PRESERVATION FRAMEWORK 5 Why Preserve? 5 Toward A Plan for Effective Cultural Resources Management 7 CHAPTER 3 | THE PLANNING PROCESS 17 Public Involvement Plan Purpose and Objectives 17 Public Involvement Opportunities 18 Public Review of the Draft Plan (June 2015) 19 Web‐Based Information Sharing and Data Collection 19 Release of the Final Plan (FALL 2015) 19 Integration of Public’s Priorities for Preservation into the Final Plan 19 Activities Accomplished 19 CHAPTER 4 | THE PRESERVE’S SETTING 23 Environmental Setting 23 Cultural Setting 25 CHAPTER 5 | CULTURAL RESOURCES WITHIN THE PRESERVE 33 Archaeological Sites within the Preserve 33 Unreported Archaeological Sites 35 Themes 36 Prehistoric‐Era Associated Property Types 36 Historic‐Era Associated Cultural Resources 37 CHAPTER 6 | IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION, DESIGNATION, AND TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE MCDOWELL SONORAN PRESERVE 41 Recommendations for Identification and Evaluation 42 CITY OF SCOTTSDALE MCDOWELL SONORAN PRESERVE DRAFT CULTURAL RESOURCE MASTER PLAN JUNE 2015 | II Recommendations for Designation 44 Recommendations for Treatment 44 CHAPTER 7 | PRESERVATION AND SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR BROWN’S RANCH 54 Current Management of Brown’s Ranch 55 Threats to the Preservation of the Brown’s Ranch Site 56 Management Options for Brown’s Ranch—Preservation 57 Management Options for Brown’s Ranch—Education 60 Management Options for Brown’s Ranch—Recreation 60 Summary 62 CHAPTER 8 | PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 64 APPENDIX A | GLOSSARY 67 APPENDIX B | CITY OF SCOTTSDALE ORDINANCES 71 Ordinance 33, Chapter 21 (Preserve Ordinance) 71 Ordinance 3243, Chapter 46 (Archaeological Resources Ordinance) 77 Ordinance 3242, Chapter 6 (Zoning Ordinance, Historic Property Overlay) 84 APPENDIX C | RESEARCH GUIDELINES (RESOLUTION NO. 8854) 97 APPENDIX D | PUBLIC INPUT 101 APPENDIX E | NATIONAL, STATE AND LOCAL FRAMEWORKS FOR PRESERVATION 103 National Framework for Historic Preservation 103 State Framework for Historic Preservation 104 Local Framework for Historic Preservation 106 APPENDIX F | CULTURAL SETTING 110 APPENDIX G | ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES AND SITES 126 Archaeological Sites within the Preserve 130 APPENDIX H | RESEARCH QUESTIONS FOR PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC SITES 136 APPENDIX I GENERAL LAND OFFICE MAPS 140 REFERENCES 147 CITY OF SCOTTSDALE MCDOWELL SONORAN PRESERVE DRAFT CULTURAL RESOURCE MASTER PLAN JUNE 2015 | III LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. McDowell Sonoran Preserve boundary 24 Figure 2. Chronological Sequence for the Phoenix Basin 26 Figure 3. Woven Basketry 28 Figure 4. Historic Ranch in Paradise Valley 30 Figure 5. Taliesin West 31 Figure 6. Thunderbird Academy (with McDowell Mountains Above) 31 Figure 7. Prehistoric Petroglyph in the Preserve 34 Figure 8. Prehistoric Rock Shelter in the Preserve 34 Figure 9. Unrecorded Historic mining Adit in the Preserve 35 Figure 10. Unrecorded Historic Structure in the Preserve 36 Figure 11. Historic Mining Claim 38 Figure 12. Historic Rock Wall 39 Figure 13. Surveyed and Unsurveyed Land in the Preserve 43 Figure 14. Overview of Brown’s Ranch 55 Figure 15. Historic Tank (Brown’s Ranch) 56 Figure 16. Historic Water Complex at Brown’s Ranch 59 Figure 17. Chronological Sequence for the Phoenix Basin 111 Figure 18. Clovis Projectile Points (Paleoindian Period) 112 Figure 19. Metate (Archaic Period) 112 Figure 20. Dart Projectile Point (Early Formative Period) 114 Figure 21. Hohokam Clay Palette (Pioneer Period) 115 Figure 22. Hohokam Ballcourt (Late Colonial Period) 115 Figure 23. Hohokam Shell Artifacts (Sedentary Period) 117 Figure 24. Hohokam Polychrome Sherds (Classic Period) 118 Figure 25. Hohokam Big House, Casa Grande Ruins (Classic Period) 119 Figure 26. Woven Basketry 120 Figure 27. Historic Ranch in Paradise Valley 122 Figure 28. Thunderbird Academy (with McDowell Mountains Above) 123 Figure 29. Surveyed lands in the Preserve. 127 Figure 30. Unrecorded Historic Structure in the Preserve 133 CITY OF SCOTTSDALE MCDOWELL SONORAN PRESERVE DRAFT CULTURAL RESOURCE MASTER PLAN JUNE 2015 | IV LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Funding Sources Related to the Preserve 2 Table 2. Options for Interpretation 14 Table 3. Public Meeting Attendees and Stakeholders/Affiliations 21 Table 4. Previous Investigations in the Preserve Reported from AZSite 128 Table 5. Previously Recorded Sites within the Preserve from AZSite 130 Table 6. Cultural Resources Present on GLO Plat Maps 133 Table 7. Cultural Resources Depicted on USGS Topographical Maps 134 Table 8. Archaeological Resources Identified from Arizona Department of Mining and Minerals (AZDMM) Maps 134 Table 9. Research Questions for Prehistoric Sites 136 Table 10. Research Questions for Historic Sites 137 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The City of Scottsdale (COS) requested Logan Simpson to develop a cultural resources master plan (Plan) for the Scottsdale McDowell Sonoran Preserve (Preserve). The Plan is part of continuing efforts to promote the protection and interpretation of cultural resources in the Preserve for present and future generations and to promote a sense of resource stewardship among the City’s constituency. Implementation of the Plan will provide the tools, policies, and practices to best manage and protect cultural resources within the Preserve. The Plan calls for the consideration of cultural resources in all levels of planning as well as education to heighten staff and visitor awareness of the non‐renewable cultural resources situated inside the boundary of the Preserve. Encompassing approximately 30,000 acres, the Preserve includes much of the McDowell Mountains and an adjoining pediment north of the mountains. This landscape includes scenic vistas of mixed saguaro, paloverde, yucca and creosote‐bursage plants. The diversity of plants and animals in the Preserve has drawn people to the land for the last 10,000 years. Early prehistoric inhabitants of the Preserve temporarily lived and worked in boulder rock shelters while hunting and gathering animal and plant resources. Later farmers used the arable lands along washes and participated in a complex regional exchange system that sustained them at permanent village sites. Habitation sites in the Preserve are generally small. However, at least one site possesses a documented ballcourt, a specialized form of public architecture that served as the focus of the Hohokam regional exchange system. In the historic period, early settlers used the land for mining and ranching activity. Ranching, in particular, was quite extensive in the area of the Preserve, with some ranches covering 50 square miles. The current draft of the Plan provides the COS, the McDowell Sonoran Conservancy (MSC), identified Preserve stakeholders, and the public with a framework for understanding how historic preservation planning achieves both the COS community vision and the management objectives established for the Preserve. The Draft Plan does not yet include the results of public polling regarding the prioritization of preservation issues or feedback received from public meetings. The public involvement process is described within the Plan and the formal results and recommendations will be presented in the Final Plan. This draft Plan provides general recommendations for management of the Preserve’s cultural resources, including: Continue to implement a program of cultural resources survey of unsurveyed lands within the Preserve to create a comprehensive inventory of cultural resources located within the Preserve of sites that have not been recorded Discuss designation of significant cultural resources in the local, state and National Registers of Historic Places Evaluate the effects of planning activities within the Preserve on cultural resources to determine appropriate treatments such as avoidance, and if necessary data recovery Promote an ethic of “conservation archaeology” and permit ground disturbing research only at threatened sites and only under the supervision of a qualified archaeologist permitted by the Arizona State Museum Develop a Trail Maintenance Protocol to maintain segments of trail that pass through archaeological sites CITY OF SCOTTSDALE MCDOWELL SONORAN PRESERVE DRAFT CULTURAL RESOURCE MASTER PLAN JUNE 2015 | VI Develop and implement a volunteer stewardship program to provide for routine monitoring of cultural resources that are eligible for listing in local, state, or National Register of Historic Places Consult with local Native American communities on Preserve initiatives and infrastructure planning that may have an effect on cultural resources The draft Plan also provides considerations for implementing interpretive and educational programming within the Preserve. Per the COS’ request, Logan Simpson also developed draft recommendations for management of the Brown’s Ranch Site, which include: Continue mapping of the historic surface components of the site with incorporation of the resulting map into a public education or informational display Continue efforts to identify the location of Stoneman’s Military Road with incorporation of information about the Road into existing interpretive materials