Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:53 04 May 2017 Tourism and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa Current issues and local realities Over the past twenty years, the perception of tourism as an effective contributor to socio- economic development in the developing world has propagated, with many viewing tourism as contributing to poverty alleviation and towards other United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Over the same period, readers have become familiar with the paradoxes, complexities and inequalities of tourism in relation to development, wealth creation, growth, redistribution, govern ance and ‘host–guest’ relationships. This volume further extends this critical debate with a much-needed cohesive publication on sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In an era of fluctuating tourist arrivals at global level, the growth of tourism in SSA requires deeper consideration in terms of its inconsistent and ques tionable implications at local level. Taking as a central theme the debate on whether tourism should be used in development efforts, this book examines the way in which tourism has controversially become the way forward to development in several SSA locations and assesses bottlenecks to sustainable development as well as the dilemmas and challenges faced by those SSA destinations seeking to achieve development through tourism. It offers an explicit set of chapters drawing upon a multidisciplinary research approach (tourism studies, human geography, sociology, anthropology, political econ omy, development and environmental studies) and integrates case studies authored by local African prac - titioners and academics to produce a book that gives voice to local experts on local realities. Combining an overview of key theories, concepts, contemporary issues and debates as well as practical insights from a wide range of regions in SSA, this book will be a valuable resource for those investigating the role of tourism in development. Marina Novelli is a Reader in Tourism and International Development at the University of Brighton (UK). She is a geographer with a background in economics and an interest in development studies applied to tourism. As an expert in international tourism policy, planning and development, she has led and advised on projects funded by the World Bank, the UN, the EU, and the Commonwealth Secretariat as well as a Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:53 04 May 2017 number of national ministries, regional development agencies, NGOs and communities in developed and developing economies. She is globally known as a niche tourism specialist and as an Africa expert associated with her extensive applied research, publications and consultancy engagements. She sees her mission as generating new knowledge on ways in which tourism can play a key role in sustainable development by stimulating local economies, conserving the environment and changing lives. Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility Series Editor: C. Michael Hall Professor at the Department of Management, College of Business and Economics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand For a complete list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com The aim of this series is to explore and communicate the intersections and relationships between leisure, tourism and human mobility within the social sciences. It will incorporate both traditional and new perspectives on leisure and tourism from contemporary geography, e.g. notions of identity, representation and culture, while also providing for perspectives from cognate areas such as anthropology, cultural studies, gastronomy and food studies, marketing, policy studies and political economy, regional and urban planning, and sociology, within the development of an integrated field of leisure and tourism studies. Also, increasingly, tourism and leisure are regarded as steps in a continuum of human mobility. Inclusion of mobility in the series offers the prospect of examining the relationship between tourism and migration, the sojourner, educational travel, and second home and retirement travel phenomena. The series comprises two strands: Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility aims to address the needs of students and academics, and the titles will be published in hardback and paperback. Titles include: 1 The Moralisation of Tourism 4 Qualitative Research in Sun, sand . and saving the Tourism world? Ontologies, epistemologies and Jim Butcher methodologies Edited by Jenny Phillimore and 2 The Ethics of Tourism Lisa Goodson Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:53 04 May 2017 Development Mick Smith and Rosaleen Duffy 5 The Media and the Tourist Imagination 3 Tourism in the Caribbean Converging cultures Trends, development, prospects Edited by David Crouch, Rhona Edited by David Timothy Duval Jackson and Felix Thompson 6 Tourism and Global 9 An Introduction to Visual Environmental Change Research Methods in Ecological, social, economic Tourism and political interrelationships Edited by Tijana Rakic and Edited by Stefan Gössling and Donna Chambers C. Michael Hall 10 Tourism and Climate 7 Cultural Heritage of Tourism Change in the Developing World Impacts, adaptation and Edited by Dallen J. Timothy mitigation and Gyan Nyaupane C. Michael Hall, Stefan Gössling and Daniel Scott 8 Understanding and Managing Tourism Impacts 11 Tourism and Citizenship An integrated approach Raoul V. Bianchi and C. Michael Hall and Alan Lew Marcus L. Stephenson Routledge Studies in Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility is a forum for innovative new research intended for research students and academics, and the titles will be available in hardback only. Titles include: 21 The Study of Tourism 25 Tourism in China Past trends and future directions Policy and development since Richard Sharpley 1949 David Airey and King Chong 22 Children’s and Families’ Holiday Experience 26 Real Tourism Neil Carr Practice, care, and politics in contemporary travel culture 23 Tourism and National Identity Edited by Claudio Minca and An international perspective Tim Oakes Edited by Elspeth Frew and Leanne White 27 Last Chance Tourism Adapting tourism opportunities 24 Tourism and Agriculture in a changing world New geographies of Edited by Raynald Harvey consumption, production and Lemelin, Jackie Dawson and rural restructuring Emma Stewart Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:53 04 May 2017 Edited by Rebecca Torres and Janet Momsen For a complete list of the series, please visit www.routledge.com. This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:53 04 May 2017 Tourism and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa Current issues and local realities Marina Novelli Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:53 04 May 2017 First published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 Marina Novelli The right of Marina Novelli to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Novelli, Marina. Tourism and development in Sub-Sahara Africa: current issues and local realities/Marina Novelli. (Contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism, and mobility) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Tourism – Africa, Sub-Saharan. 2. Economic development – Africa, Sub-Saharan. I. Title. G155.A314N68 2015 338.4′79167–dc23 2015012997 ISBN: 978-0-415-81234-4 (hbk) Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:53 04 May 2017 ISBN: 978-0-203-06932-5 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon, UK Contents List of illustrations ix Local voices on local realities – author biographies xi Foreword xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi Abbreviations xxii 1 Tourism and development in sub-Saharan Africa1 2 Knowledge, skills gap and capacity building in tourism 41 3 Critical issues in community-based tourism 71 4 Tourism and development in post-conflict situations of fragility 94 5 Diaspora, tourism and development 122 6 Travel philanthropy: looking beyond volunteer tourism 147 7 Current issues in niche tourism 172 8 What future for sub-Saharan Africa’s tourism? 198 Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:53 04 May 2017 References 203 Index 228 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:53 04 May 2017 Illustrations Figures 1.1 Map of sub-Saharan Africa and list of sub-Saharan Africa countries2 5.1 Badagry Heritage Museum (former District Officer’s office) 134 5.2 Refurbished Slave Port gate 134 5.3a and 5.3b Slave market – restructured ground used for local events 135