How Many Tower-houses were there in the Scottish Borders? A few observations. Alastair Maxwell-Irving, FSA, FSAScot. 224 THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 25: 2011-12 How Many Tower-houses were there in the Scottish Borders? How Many Tower-houses were there in the three Marches of the Borders: The Merse, the Scottish Borders? A few observations Lauderdale, Tweeddale, Teviotdale, Liddesdale, Eskdale & Ewesdale, Annandale, Nithsdale, Alastair Maxwell-Irving, FSA, FSAScot. Eastern Galloway and Mid Galloway. Unfortu- Abstract nately, only one sheet of Pont’s original manu- scripts for the Borders has survived for The question of how many tower-houses there comparison; this covers all of Nithsdale and, were in the Scottish Borders crops up from time separately in one corner, a small portion of to time, but nobody has yet been able to give a Teviotdale (Stone, 187-197). Pont’s maps are definitive answer. This paper deals with a num- of inestimable value for what they have record- ber of aspects of the subject, and attempts to ed, but at the same time they are very frustrat- show why there can be no simple answer. It ing, as he does not appear to have always been compares the work of early surveyors and map consistent in the symbols he used to denote the makers in the 16th and 17th centuries, together various townships, castles, tower-houses, etc., with the written records of the period, and tries and Blaeu’s interpretation of his manuscripts to explain some of the differences between what has further muddied the water by the wholesale was recorded then and what has been learned ‘editing’ of Pont’s symbols to provide a more from more recent research. At the same time, it standardized appearance of the maps.1 Pont’s also tries to clarify the distinction between the sketches, where available, remain a much more different types of fortified houses in the Borders valuable resource. during the later Middle Ages, and why this is relevant to such analyses. A simple count shows that the total number of individual ‘habitations’ (towers, bastles, pe- At a recent conference on castles, the old ques- les, fermtouns, homesteads, settlements, etc.) tion of how many tower-houses there were in the that Pont/Blaeu recorded was about: Scottish Borders cropped up once again during 2 a general discussion. As far as I know it is a 459 East March 3 subject that has never been seriously researched 769 Middle March 4 in its entirety, and despite having spent well 1260 West March over half a century studying and researching the This gives an overall total of about 2488 ‘habi- towers myself, it was a question I could not tations’, excluding towns and large villages. answer. Indeed, I do not think anyone can give But this can only be taken as a rough guide. One a definitive answer, for a number of reasons. has also to bear in mind that Pont never mapped 5 For a start: What does one mean by a ‘Bor- Upper Annandale, from Lockerbie northwards. der Tower’, and what point in history should one A major handicap in comparing Pont’s maps take as one’s datum? These defensive strong- with Blaeu’s copies is the absence of so many of holds came in all shapes and sizes over a period Pont’s originals, and when the sole surviving of nearly 300 years. From the great tower-house one for the Borders is compared with Blaeu’s castles of the late 14th and 15th centuries to the ‘copies’, there are major differences. For exam- lesser towers of the 16th century and later, more ple, in Glenesslin, a tributary of the Cairn Water and more of these strongholds were being built, in Dumfriesshire, Pont marks 7 sites with a and rebuilt, while others were disappearing from ‘tower’ symbol and 11 with a plain circle, ‘o’, the scene, for one reason or another - English whereas Blaeu just shows 18 ‘towers’ (Illus.1 invasions, clan feuds, the official razing of the and 2). This seems to have been for cartograph- homes of those declared outlaws, or those just ic convenience, to produce a ‘pretty’ map, but it abandoned. And then there were the strong- completely distorts the statistics, and we are left holds of lesser families, pele-houses, bastle- wondering how many towers there really were, houses and simple peles. Should they also be not only here but elsewhere too. It is only fair included? There is no simple answer. to point out, however, that Pont’s manuscripts are often written in a very small script that is in The most obvious starting point for any such many places scratchy, or overwritten, and diffi- survey is the maps of Timothy Pont, surveyed cult to read. If we knew for certain that the ‘o’ during the closing years of the 16th century and symbol used by Pont represented a fermtoun or first published by Joan Blaeu in 1654 (Koeman, homestead without a tower, it would help, but, 70-76). There are a total of ten maps covering whilst Pont correctly shows the humble ‘pele’ of THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 25: 2011-12 225 How Many Tower-houses were there in the Scottish Borders? Illus. 1. Pont’s manuscript map of Glenesslin in Nithsdale. (Reproduced by courtesy of the National Library of Scot- land). Illus. 2. Blaeu’s interpretation of Pont’s map of Glenesslin. Illus. 3. Pont’s manuscript map of the Minto area of Teviotdale. 226 THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 25: 2011-12 How Many Tower-houses were there in the Scottish Borders? Brockloch, in Glenesslin, with the tower sym- documents. Apart from the towers around bol (its ruins survive) (RCAHMS – Glenesslin Minto just described, another example is the 1994, Figs. 11, 14) on his Nithsdale map (Illus. tower of Dolphinston, which is now just a site 4 1), this is clearly not the case elsewhere. Fer- miles SE of Jedburgh. It is shown as an ‘o’ mtouns, moreover, often had a tower as well for (Illus. 5), yet it has a well documented history mutual defence, classic examples being found as a “tower and fortalice” (“cum turre et fortali- in Peeblesshire at Glentress, Langhaugh and cio”), first in the possession of the Ainslies of Lour (RCAHMS 1967, Nos.505, 515, 517). Dolphinston, and then, after being acquired by marriage, in the possession of the Kers of Lit- Other subtle, but important, differences be- tledean (RMS III, No. 342; IV, No. 489; V, No. tween Pont’s and Blaeu’s versions of Nithsdale 1456; Scots Peerage VII, 330-1). “Dolphis- include: (1) Glencairn Castle, where Pont has toun” is also specifically mentioned in an Act of drawn a tall tower with corbelled-out parapet, Parliament of 1481, as one of the places where turrets and two side towers with pitched or 20 ‘men of war’ were to be posted (APS II, conical roofs, whereas Blaeu has omitted the 140). It is even more confusing, when one finds parapet and turrets and only shown small side Mervinslaw pele-house (Illus. 15), near Jed- wings without roofs; (2) Terregles, where burgh, shown as a tower (Illus. 5), while the Pont’s large tower with side towers has been similar, and neighbouring, pele-houses at reduced by Blaeu to a standard, single tower; (3) Slacks (Illus. 16) and Northbank only merit an Caerlaverock Castle, where Pont’s attempt to ‘o’, and a fourth pele-house, at Kilnsike, ap- indicate the substantial size of the 13th century pears to have been omitted altogether (despite castle has again been changed by Blaeu to a the ruins surviving to this day) (RCAHMS simple tower like any other; (4) Enoch Castle, 1956, Nos. 931, 933, 934). Another pele-house, where Pont’s portrayal of a large tower with at Leitholm, is also omitted from the map of several secondary buildings has been reduced to ‘The Merce’ (RCAHMS 1915, No. 140). a simple tower with wings or a barmkin; and (5) Over and Nether Gribton, which Blaeu shows as It is misleading where groups of towers are two towers, whereas Pont clearly differentiates only shown as a single entity. There are two between the two, by indicating the former with known examples in Teviotdale. One is at Lan- an ‘o’ and the latter with a tower. These are just ton, near Ancrum, where a restored tower still a few examples; there are many more. survives. Whilst the settlement is only shown by a single ‘o’, there are known to have been In dealing with the small fragment of Pont’s two other towers in the village (RCAHMS survey of Teviotdale that has survived - the area 1956, Nos. 433, 434). Darnick also had three around Hawick and Ancrum - Blaeu has resort- towers, two of which survive, one in its entirety ed to much simpler symbols, perhaps to get such (Illus. 22) and the other as a much altered ruin a large area on one map. The area around (RCAHMS 1956, Nos. 580, 581). Minto, for example, where Pont has clearly shown Minto Tower (Fatlips) on a hill and Towns and other large communities are more various sized towers at Minto, Barnhills, Minto complex, for, like the hill-towns and cities of Craig, Newton, Denholm and Hassendean (Il- mediaeval Italy and some other parts of South- lus. 3), has been reduced by Blaeu to no more ern Europe, where defensive towers proliferat- than a series of ‘o’ symbols (Illus. 4); and this ed, either for individual or mutual protection, practice was repeated throughout most of Tevi- some of those in the Scottish Borders had a otdale (Illus.