INDEX INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 7 For Jazz, Classical and Pop musicians ......................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................ 8 How to Understand Harmony ........................................................................................................................ 9 CONCEPTS NEEDED ....................................................................................................................................... 11 BASIC CONCEPTS .............................................................................................................................................. 11 CONCEPTS IN THIS BOOK ................................................................................................................................... 15 12-Tone Tonality ......................................................................................................................................... 15 Harmonic Series .......................................................................................................................................... 18 Tonal Degrees and Modal Degrees ............................................................................................................. 22 Functions of The 12 Tones in the Tonality .................................................................................................. 24 Modality ....................................................................................................................................................... 27 Parent Scale and Chord Scale ..................................................................................................................... 27 BASIC KNOWLEDGE ...................................................................................................................................... 29 THE MAJOR SCALE ........................................................................................................................................... 29 Intervals in the Major scale ......................................................................................................................... 30 Circle of Fifths ............................................................................................................................................. 34 Relation between Major and minor Scales .................................................................................................. 39 THE MINOR SCALES ........................................................................................................................................... 40 The Natural minor scale .............................................................................................................................. 40 The Harmonic minor scale .......................................................................................................................... 41 The Melodic minor scale ............................................................................................................................. 43 Relative minor Scales in the Circle of Fifths ............................................................................................... 44 PENTATONIC SCALES ........................................................................................................................................ 45 The Major and minor Pentatonic Scales ..................................................................................................... 45 Blues Scales ................................................................................................................................................. 46 CHORDS ............................................................................................................................................................ 47 Building Chords ........................................................................................................................................... 47 Structure of a Chord .................................................................................................................................... 48 Chord Symbols............................................................................................................................................. 49 Chord Scale ................................................................................................................................................. 54 MAJOR FUNCTIONAL HARMONY .............................................................................................................. 55 THE MAJOR PARENT SCALE .............................................................................................................................. 55 Series of Diatonic Chords in Major ............................................................................................................. 55 Harmonic Functions of the Chords ............................................................................................................. 56 Major Functional Cadences ........................................................................................................................ 60 Analysis of a Song in Major ........................................................................................................................ 65 Modulation to Other Keys ........................................................................................................................... 68 CHORD SCALES IN MAJOR ................................................................................................................................. 72 Characteristics of the Chord Scales ............................................................................................................ 73 Parent Scales and Chord Scales in Analysis ............................................................................................... 76 Analysis of a minor Song in its Relative Major Key .................................................................................... 77 Remembering the Chord Scales ................................................................................................................... 79 Mastering the Chord Scales ........................................................................................................................ 82 USING THE PENTATONIC SCALES ...................................................................................................................... 88 Replacing the Chord Scales by Pentatonic Scales ....................................................................................... 88 Displacing Pentatonic Scales ...................................................................................................................... 88 A SHORT-CUT TO THE BLUES ..................................................................................................................... 93 BLUES CHORDS AND BLUES SCALE ................................................................................................................... 93 BLUES STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................................................... 94 IMPROVISING ON BLUES .................................................................................................................................... 95 Traditional Blues ......................................................................................................................................... 95 Blues “Chord Scales” ................................................................................................................................. 96 TONAL CHANGES ............................................................................................................................................ 99 SECONDARY V7 DOMINANT CHORDS ............................................................................................................... 99 Chord Scales for Secondary Dominants .................................................................................................... 100 Parent Scales for Secondary Dominants ................................................................................................... 101 Extended Dominants .................................................................................................................................. 103 Tonal Changes on Diatonic Chords .......................................................................................................... 105 Analysis of a Song with Secondary Dominants.......................................................................................... 111 RELATIVE -II CHORDS AND SECONDARY II-V CADENCES ............................................................................... 114 Double Function of Relative-II Chords ..................................................................................................... 114 5 The minor IIm7 b -V7 Cadence ................................................................................................................... 114 List of Secondary II-V Cadences ..............................................................................................................