DEMOCRATIC AND POPULAR REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Tlemcen PAN AFRICAN UNIVERSITY Institute for Water and Energy Sciences (Incl. Climate Change) The effect of boreholes on the traditional modes of distribution of irrigation water in the South of Algeria, case study Foggaras of Timimoun Zeyneb Moulay Omar Date: 26/08/2016 Master in Water Engineering track Members of Jury: President Supervisor Co-Supervisor Examiner 1 Academic Year: 2015-2016 This research thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Master Science in Energy Engineering at Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences (including Climate Change)-(PAUWES) at the University of Tlemcen in Algeria. August 2016. The effect of boreholes on the traditional modes of distribution of irrigation water in the South of Algeria, case study Foggaras of Timimoun 26 août 2016 1 DECLARATION I, Zeyneb Moulay Omar do hereby declare that this thesis is my original work and to the best of my knowledge, it has not been submitted for any award in any University or Institution. Signed______________________________________________ Date ____________ Zeyneb Moulay Omar 2 CERTIFICATION This thesis has been submitted with my approval as the supervisor Signed_______________________________________________Date_____________ Prof. H.Bouchalkia iii The effect of boreholes on the traditional modes of distribution of irrigation water in the South of Algeria, case study Foggaras of Timimoun 26 août 2016 Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ ivv Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... viiii Table of figure ............................................................................................................................... ixii Liste of Table…………………………………………………………………………….................ix Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................ ixx Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... xixi Résumé : ............................................................................................................................................ xii List of abbreviations : .................................................................................................................... xiiiiii 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 General Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 3 1.4.1 Main objective ............................................................................................................ 3 1.4.2 Specific objectives ...................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Scope .................................................................................................................................. 4 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Geographical and Physical Context: .................................................................................. 5 2.2 Geology and Geomorphology. ........................................................................................... 7 2.3 Local geology: .................................................................................................................... 9 2.4 The tectonic of Timimoun: ............................................................................................... 10 2.5 Activity of the population ................................................................................................. 11 2.5.1 Agriculture ................................................................................................................ 11 2.6 Trade ................................................................................................................................ 11 2.7 Tourism ............................................................................................................................ 12 2.8 Climatology study: ........................................................................................................... 12 2.9 Climate parameters: ......................................................................................................... 12 Fig. 05: the mean monthly temperatures variation (ONM Timimoun 1988- 2015) ......................... 13 2.9.1 The wind:.................................................................................................................. 16 2.9.2 Precipitation: ............................................................................................................ 17 2.9.3 Evaporation: ............................................................................................................. 19 2.9.4 Climate indices: ........................................................................................................ 20 2.10 Hydrogeological study. .................................................................................................... 23 iv The effect of boreholes on the traditional modes of distribution of irrigation water in the South of Algeria, case study Foggaras of Timimoun 26 août 2016 2.10.1 Northern Sahara Aquifer System: ............................................................................ 23 2.10.2 Characteristics of the North Western Sahara Aquifer System: ................................ 24 2.10.3 Exploitation of Intercalary Continental "CI": ........................................................... 27 2.10.4 The outlets: ............................................................................................................... 28 2.10.5 The substratum ......................................................................................................... 28 2.10.6 Recharge of Continental Intercalary (C.I) (OSS, 2003b): ........................................ 30 2.11 Hydrochemical analysis: .................................................................................................. 31 2.11.1 Methods and Strategy: .............................................................................................. 35 2.11.2 Analysis of Chemical Elements: .............................................................................. 36 2.11.3 Physical Parameters: ................................................................................................ 37 2.11.4 Mineralization: ......................................................................................................... 39 2.11.5 Dry Residue: ............................................................................................................. 41 2.12 Study of major chemical parameters: ............................................................................... 43 2.12.1 Study of Cations: ...................................................................................................... 43 2.12.2 Study of Anions ........................................................................................................ 44 2.13 The tradional system of collection and water distribution (Foggaras) in the south of Algeria case study Foggaras of Timimoune ................................................................................. 47 2.13.1 Overview historical on the system Foggara: ............................................................ 47 2.13.2 Definition of Foggara: .............................................................................................. 49 2.13.3 Elements of Foggara: ............................................................................................... 55 2.13.4 Foggara Evolution: ................................................................................................... 60 2.13.5 Measuring tools: ....................................................................................................... 63 2.13.6 Unit of measure: ....................................................................................................... 63 2.13.7 Methods for measuring the amount of water in the Foggara system: .................... 644 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................. 67 3.1 Water collection ............................................................................................................... 67 3.2 water level measurement : ................................................................................................ 67 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................................