- 101 - Bi-Annual Research Journal “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174 Balochistan Study Centre, UoB, Quetta (Pakistan) VOL. XXXIII NO. 2, 2015 An Anonymous Hero of Pashtoon’s History (Umara Khan Janduli) Language and Literature Dr. Badshah-i-Rome1, Muhammad Nawaz2 Dr. Faiz Ullah Panaizai 3& Dr. Kaleemullah Bareach4 Abstract The history of the world is full of epic stories of such heroes who by their glorious deeds have left remarkable marks in the annals of the world. They waged crusades against the forces of darkness and tyranny for the peaceful and honorable future of their people. Like other nations, the history of Pashtun is also full of such heroes. But unfortunately majority of these heroes are anonymous. The World and even Pashtun do not know about their struggle against the imperialistic powers. Umara Khan of Jandol (lower Dir) can also be classed with the rank and files of those greatest anonymous heroes of the World who devoted his energies throughout of their lives to uphold truth, Pashtun liberty and teachings of Islam. This research paper will highlight the struggle of Umra Khan against the British imperialism. The research will be focusing to bring the achievements of Umra Khan Jandoli into the knowledge of the people specially Pashtunes. Keywords: Pashtun, Umrah Khan. Introduction Umara Khan was born in 1860 A.D. in the house of Aman Khan at Jandol (Lower Dir), in the village of Barawa (renamed as Samar Bagh in the 1980s)(Ali, 2012). Under the supervision of his education loving father, he received his early education perform many capable teachers. He received his early education in Persian language from Qazi Muhammad Abdul Jamal and learned the Holy Quran from Hafiz Abdul Manan.(Ali, 2012). In the life of Aman Khan there was a war of succession between his sons, Muhammad Zaman Khan and Umra Khan. Each of them struggled hard to be the successor 1 Assistant Professor Department of Pashto and oriental languages university of Malakand 2 lecturer in Pakistan studies SBBU,Shrengal 3 Assistant Professor Department of Pashto University of Balochistan Quetta. 4 Professor, History Department, University of Balochistan, Quetta. - 102 - of their father. After his death in 1879, Muhammad Zaman Khan occupied the throne of Barwa. Realizing the ambitious disposition of Umra Khan, he decided to remove him from his path. He forced him along with his younger brother Muhammad Shah Khan to leave Barwa. (Frontier and overseas, 1907). They first fled to Shamozai and then took refuge in the house of Gul Muhammad Khan of Pachi Gram. (Munir, 2012). In 1880 Umra Khan went to Makka for forming hajj where he met Maulana Mamoodul Hassan and Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, the active members of Shah Wali Ullah Tahrek. They infused in him the spirit of Jehad with sole aim that he would raise the sword against the British (Asar. N.D).After returning from hajj he decided to try his luck. He came to Peshawar where he secretly purchased a rifle with few bullets and made his way to Jandol. Dressed in female attire, he went to his brother’s forte in Barwa and sneaked in the watch tower of the main gate and lay in wait there for a couple of days .On the third night he saw that Muhammad Zaman Khan was coming out accompanied by his guards. Taking opportunity of the situation, he opened fire on him and killed him on the spot. (Times of Indai, 25th March, 1985). When the servants saw their leader in a pool of blood, they turned toward Umra Khan and intended to kill him but in the mid of this uncertain situation the old Queen, Umra Khan’s mother came out and delivered the following impressive speech; “Oh people of Jandol, why you are trying to kill Umra Khan? Because my elder son has been killed’’ (Times of Indai, 25th March, 1985) These words pacified the burning situation and the guards of the former Khan left him alive and the next day he declared himself as Khan of Barwa and all local Khans took the oath of loyalty at his hand. (Frontier and overseas, 1907) After having established himself on the throne of Jandol, Umra Khan decided to consolidate his position at home by getting confidence of the local Khans. Some of the Khans paid homage to him peacefully and some of them were compelled to do so (Ali, 2012). After gaining power, Umra Khan realized that the stability of his kingdom depended upon a strong and efficient arms and army, because he was convinced that in this area arms and army had more respect than money. That’s why he declared; “Any person, who will bring a fine rifle, Will be taken into his service” (Ali, 2012) In this way, in the short span of time he collected a large number of rifles and organized the state army on strong and firm basis and put this army under the efficient command of his cousin, Abdul Majid Khan. (Thompson, 1895) Having restored the royal authority and organized the internal administration, he now applied himself to the task of subduing the chiefs of the neighboring - 103 - areas. The first person against whom he unveiled the sword was his brother Mir Hasan Khan, the Khan of Munda. Mir Hassan Khan was not strong enough to meet the forces of Umra Khan, so he requested the Khan of Dir, Rahmat Ullah Khan to help him in this connection. As a result the combined forces of both Khans of Munda and Dir met the forces of Umra Khan at Mayar. A fierce battle was fought in which Umra Khan’s army was routed. Realizing the gravity of the situation Umra Khan requested Dilaram Khan, the Khan of Bajaur for help who accepted the request. Once again the two forces tried their luck in battle field of Sadbar Kali. Muhammad Afzal Khan; the Khan of Sadbar Kali also joined hands with Mir Hassan Khan and Rahmat ullah Khan. An intense battle was fought in which the forces of Umra Khan came out victorious. Mir Hassan Khan and Muhammad Afzal Khan fled to Bajaur and thus Munda and Sadbar Kali was annexed to the State of Jandol. (Thompson, 1895) At that time Dir was ruled over by Rahmat Ullah Khan who had appointed his elder son Muhammad Sharif Khan as his successor but later on differences developed between father and son and Rahmat Ullah Khan designated his another son Jamroz Khan as his heir-apparent. The displeased son went to Jandol and prayed for political asylum in the court of Umra Khan who was warmly welcomed there. In order to avenge Rahmat Ullah Khan for his previous actions Umra Khan began to use his own son against him. (Dirvi, 2003) The first encounter between Umra Khan and Khan of Dir was fought in 1882 at Khazana, Walai and Khema which ended in failure of Khan of Dir. Umra Khan annexed all these areas to his State which was a first set back for Rahmat Ullah Khan. (Dirvi, 2003) On one side Umra Khan was using Muhammad Sarif Khan against Rahmat Ullah Khan and on the other side he entered into an alliance with Mian Gul Abdul Hanan, the ruler of Swat against the Khan of Dir. According to the plan in the winter of 1882, Mian Gul crossed River Swat at Chakdara and invaded Adenzai territory. On hearing this, the Khan of Dir advanced against Mian Gul via Talash and besieged him. On receiving this news, Umra Khan marched towards Adenzai to rescue him. A fierce battle was fought between the two forces in which the forces of Khan of Dir were badly routed. Umra Khan captured the area of Adenzai and Talash and raised posts in these areas. It is worth mentioning here that Umra Khan himself got wounded in this battle. (MacMahan, 1901). After capturing these areas, Umra Khan realized the weak position of the Khan of Dir and marched towards the valley of Maidan in 1883 ruled by Sardar Khan, the nominee of Rahmat Ullah Khan. Maidan fell into the hands of Umra Khan without any resistance. Getting information about this set back, Rahmat Ullah Khan mobilized his forces via Kalpani Sar and made a sudden attack and defeated the forces of Umra Khan and recaptured the valley of Maidan. Umra Khan - 104 - withdrew his forces to Jandol and lived there in peace for few months. A few months passed peacefully, Umra Khan attacked on the fort of Balambat which was easily captured and now the forces marched towards koto kwana tair. Shahzad Khan, the Khan of Hajiabad joined hands with Umra Khan and thus this strategic position was also captured. Rahmat ullah Khan managed to recaptured the area and proceeded with heavy forces but Umra Khan got additional power with the reinforcement of Mian Gul Abdul Hanan of Swat. The combined forces defeated Rahmat Ullah Khan’s forces at the battle field of Shahzadai. Though, the Khan of Dir succeeded in recapturing the forte of Shahzadai but he realized the gravity of the situation and began to search allies against the growing power of Umra Khan. (MacMahan, 1901) The position of Umra Khan was not so strong enough to face the forces of Rahmat Ullah Khan, so he began to exercise the diplomatic channels by offering peace to accept Walai Kandanow as a border between the two States which was categorically rejected by Rahmat ullah Khan and now both resolved to settle the issue in a battle field (Shahid, 2005). The position of Umra Khan further weakened when the friendship of his previous ally Mian Gul Abdul Hanan changed into enmity and open hostility.