UDK 93/99 ISSN: 1845-4380 REVIEW OF CROATIAN HISTORY REVUE FÜR KROATISCHE GESCHICHTE REVUE D’ HISTOIRE CROATE Hrvatski institut za povijest Croatian Institute of History VIII. no. 1 (2012) Review of Croatian History Publisher • Herausgeber Hrvatski institut za povijest (Croatian Institute of History), Zagreb, Croatia/Kroatien Editorial board • Redaktion Hrvoje ČAPO (Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb) Mario JAREB (Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb) Husnija KAMBEROVIĆ (Institut za istoriju, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina/Bosnien und Herzegowina) John KRALJIC (Croatian Academy of America, NYC, USA) Jure KRIŠTO (Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb) Ivica MIŠKULIN (Hrvatsko katoličko sveučilište, Zagreb) Goran MLADINEO (Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb) Vjeran PAVLAKOVIĆ (Sveučilište u Rijeci, Rijeka) Zrinka PEŠORDA VARDIĆ (Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb) Im re RESS (Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Tőrténettudományi Intézete, Budapest, Hungary / Ungarn) Arnold SUPPAN (Institut für osteuropäische Geschichte, Vienna/Wien, Austria/Österreich) Editor-in-chief • Chefredakteur Mario JAREB (Zagreb) Editorial assistants • Redaktionsassistenten Hrvoje ČAPO (Zagreb) Goran MLADINEO (Zagreb) Address of the editorial board • Redaktionsadresse Review of Croatian History Hrvatski institut za povijest Opatička 10 10 000 Zagreb Croatia Tel. +385 1 4851 721 Fax. +385 1 4851 725 e-mail: [email protected] Review of Croatian History is published once a year. • Review of Croatian History wird einmal jährlich veröff entlicht. 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Cover image: Croatian coat-of-arms on the seal of the Kingdom of Croatia (Sigillum regni) from 1527 CONTENTS • INHALT ARTICLES • AUFSÄTZE Irena Benyovsky Latin, MURUS VERSUS MONTEM: CONSTRUCTION OF THE DUBROVNIK FORTIFICATIONS AROUND THE SUBURBS UP TO THE END OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY 7 Vlatka Dugački, THE CZECH MINORITY BETWEEN GLOBALISM AND MONARCHISM 57 Zoran Janjetović, NATIONAL MINORITIES IN YUGOSLAVIA 1918-1941 81 Vladimir Geiger, HUMAN LOSSES OF THE CROATS IN WORLD WAR II AND THE IMMEDIATE POST-WAR PERIOD CAUSED BY THE CHETNIKS (YUGOSLAV ARMY IN THE FATHERLAND) AND THE PARTISANS (PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY AND THE PARTISAN DETACHMENTS OF YUGOSLAVIA/YUGOSLAV ARMY) AND THE YUGOSLAV COMMUNIST AUTHORITIES. NUMERICAL INDICATORS 97 Martina Grahek Ravančić, THE WORK OF THE TERRITORIAL COMMISSION FOR INVESTIGATION OF WAR CRIMES OF THE OCCUPIERS AND THEIR COLLABORATORS: ANALYSIS BASED ON SET TASKS AND CASES 143 Petar Bagarić, THE CROATIAN CONTRIBUTION TO PLANS FOR REVISION OF THE YUGOSLAV-HUNGARIAN BORDER IN 1945-1946 171 DISSCUSION • DISSKUSION Nevenko Bartulin, INTELLECTUAL DISCOURSE ON RACE AND CULTURE IN CROATIA 1900-1945 (A reply to the article by Tomislav Jonjić, ‘From Bias to Erroneous Conclusions’, published in the Review of Croatian History, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2010) 205 Tomislav Jonjić, BARTULIN’S TILTING AT WINDMILLS: MANIPULATION AS A HISTORIOGRAPHIC METHOD (A reply to Nevenko Bartulin’s “Intelectual Discourse on Race and Culture in Croatia 1900-1945”) 227 3 REACTION • RÉACTION Marc Gjidara – Nada Majer - Georges-Marie Chenu, Lettre à la Secrétaire Perpetuelle de l’Académie Française : en fi nir avec les manipulations politiques de l’attentat de Marseille de 1934 291 REVIEWS • REZENSIONEN Esther GITMAN, When Courage Prevailed. Th e Rescue and Survival of Jews in the Independent State of Croatia 1941 – 1945. (St. Paul, MN, USA: Paragon House, 2011) -- Kad hrabrost prevlada. Spašavanja i preživljavanje Židova u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj 1941.-1945. (Zagreb: Kršćanska sadašnjost, 2012) (JOSIP KAJINIĆ) 303 Peđa RADOSAVLJEVIĆ, Odnosi između Jugoslavije i Svete Stolice 1963–1978. Prilog za istoriografi ju diplomatsko-verskih nastojanja Vatikana na Balkanu i u Srednjoj Evropi (Belgrade: Službeni glasnik, 2012) (JOSIP KAJINIĆ) 306 Franko DOTA, Zaraćeno poraće: Konfl iktni i konkurentski narativi o stradanju i iseljavanju Talijana Istre [Th e War Aft er the War: Confl icting and Competing Narratives on the Suff ering and Expulsion of the Italians from Istria] (Zagreb: Srednja Europa, 2010) (IVAN ŽAGAR) 309 Marija MOGOROVIĆ CRLJENKO, Druga strana braka. Nasilje i ilegitimnost u (izvan) bračnim vezama na području Porečke biskupije u prvoj polovici 17. stoljeća [Th e Other Side of Marriage. Violence and Illegitimacy in (Extra)Marital Bonds in the Poreč Dioceses in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century] (Zagreb: Srednja Europa, 2012) (SANDRA BEGONJA) 315 Ante NAZOR, Velikosrpska agresija na Hrvatsku 1990-ih (Republika Hrvatska i Domovinski rat: pregled političkih i vojnih događaja 1990., 1991. – 1995./1998. )/ Greater Serbian Aggression against Croatia in the 1990s (Th e Republic of Croatia and the Homeland War: Overview of Political and Military Developments 1990, 1991-1995/1998) (Zagreb: Hrvatski memorijalno-dokumentacijski centar Domovinskog rata, 2011) (DARJAN GODIĆ) 321 “Th e Party of the Right in Croatian Political and Cultural Life, 1861-1929”, Conference held at the “Golden Hall” of the Croatian Institute of History, Zagreb, Opatička 10, 24-25 November 2011 (IVANA ŠUBIC) 323 4 ARTICLES • AUFSÄTZE UDK: 725.96(497.5Dubrovnik)’’12’’ Izvorni znanstveni članak Received: April 4, 2012 Accepted: June 15, 2012 MURUS VERSUS MONTEM: CONSTRUCTION OF THE DUBROVNIK FORTIFICATIONS AROUND THE SUBURBS UP TO THE END OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY Irena BENYOVSKY LATIN* Th is work contains an analysis of the construction of the Dubrovnik fortifi - cations around the suburbs up to the end of the thirteenth century, prima- rily based on written sources. Th e construction of the fi nal section of fortifi cations around suburb of St Ni- cholas was preceded by a long process of fortifi cation system construction which accompanied the phases of the city’s urban growth in the thirteenth century, as well as the political, legal and social circumstances of that period. Key words: Dubrovnik, Middle Ages, fortifi cations Th e fortifi ed walls encircling Dubrovnik, the symbol of the city, were con- structed around the northern suburbs as the new walls at the end of the thir- teenth century (except for the section around the Dominican monastery). At that time, the suburbs which developed since the pre-communal period on the crags outside of the old city walls became part of the urban space (the old city encompassed a section later called the Sexteria: Castello, St. Peter and Pusti- jerna). Th e city expanded as a result of demographic and economic growth, which necessitated new the construction of new residential structures. Al- though the area of the old city atop the cliff s remained a representative zone,1 the vital core rather notably moved beyond the northern old city walls. At that time, the formation of an economic, political and clerical hub proceeded in the area below Pustijerna, in the eastern part of the burgus. Th e thirteenth century ∗ Irena Benyovsky Latin, Ph. D., Croatian Institute of History, Zagreb, Croatia 1 See: Nada Grujić, “Dubrovnik – Pustijerna. Istraživanja jednog dijela povijesnog tkiva grada”, Radovi IPU, 10 (1986): 7-39. 7 I. BENYOVSKY LATIN, Murus versus montem: Construction of the Dubrovnik fortifi cations around... brought great changes in the structure, appearance and organization of medi- eval Dubrovnik. Th e regulations enacted in the statutes of 1272 and 1296 in- troduced a considerable number of public streets to the area of the suburbs of St Blaise and St Nicholas. By the end of that century, the former suburbs had become the city’s residential and economic hub, encircled by the new northern city walls. Th is process was nonetheless complex, linked to many property- oriented, urban, political and social processes: the fi nal form of the urban space was the result of a long-term and gradual process, so that spatially diff er- ent units (typological and formational) can be discerned inside the city walls. Many planned undertakings in the city area emerged despite (or precisely because of) the natural limitations of the terrain which had to be overcome: uneven ground that was rocky at places and marshy at others. Dubrovnik’s (northern) hinterland was very important to the city’s eco- nomic growth. In the twelft h century the city established sound commercial ties not only with the Italian cities, for it also concluded its fi rst treaties and privileges with the powers in its eastern hinterland, Bosnia and Serbia. Th e hinterland, however, also constituted a permanent threat to the city because of the pretensions of the Serbian and Dioclean rulers to this territory. Expansion already began outside of the old city in the eleventh century, while the fi nal northern walls were only built at the end of the thirteenth century (specifi c data on offi cials, tower construction and their position only date back to the fi rst decades of the fourteenth century; the actual course of wall construction during the thirteenth century remains unknown.) Prior to construction of the fi nal versus montem wall, there