N O T I C E THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED FROM MICROFICHE. ALTHOUGH IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT CERTAIN PORTIONS ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RELEASED IN THE INTEREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE _4^ M SOLAR TERREST RIA L PROGRAMS A. Five-Year Plan (NASA -TM- 82351) SOLAR TERRESTRIAL PROGRA MS; N81 -23992 A FIVE YEAR PLAN (NASA) 99 P HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 03B Unclas G3/92 24081 August 1978 ANN I ^ ^ Solar Terl &;;rraf Prugram5 Qtfic;e ~ `\^ Oft/ce of e Selanco,5 \ National A prcnautres and Space Administration ^• p;^f1 SOLAR TERRESTRIAL PROGRAMS A Five-Year Plan Prepared by 13,1-vd P. Stern Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physiscs Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Solar Terrestrial Division Office of Space Sciences National Aeronautics and Space Administration "Perhaps the strongest area that we face now is the area of solar terrestrial interaction research, where we are still investigating it in a basic science sense: Clow doe the Sun work? What are all these cycles about? What do they have to .Jo with the Sun's magnetic field? Is the Sun a dynamo? What is happening to drive it in an energetic way? Why is it a, variable star to the extent to which it is variable, which is not very much, but enough to be troublesome to us? And what does all that mean in terms of structure? How does the Sun's radiation, either in a photon sense or a particle sense, the solar wind, affect the environment of the Earth, and does it have anything to do with the dynamics of the atmosphere? We have conic at that over centuries, in a sense, as a scientific problem, and we are working it as part of space science, and thinking of a sequence of missions in terms of space science. At the came time, we know very well that this is a problem which is closely connected to the question of understanding climate and weather, and predicting climate and weather; a set of applications that we would very much like to be able to do better than we do now," Robert A. Froseh NASA Administrator (from a talk given March 30, 1978 at Goddard Space F!ig!'st tenter) PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT MOD ` ;^,...ussw..-., ....,.-_.... uts..zs:a • ^..,.-..,,w.+'^...,^* ... eer9tMmii a § • acs ^ .JfV^dP^=.:=mria......:.. .-,.a..M,....^... _ _ PREFACE This report is dedicared to the community of solar, heliospherie, magnetosphcaric and atmospheric scientists, and to the administrators and engineers who share their °work. A scientific colmnu ,"Iity is held together by channels of communica t ion scientific results, for instance, arc nade known b), incans of journals and conferences. This report, tot). is intended to he a n14mm of C mimunieadmi-°to inform members of the solar-terrestrial science community almut research plans of NASA in their areas of interest during the cumin Sears. It reviews planned and approved missions, their scientific ohjectives, instrumetnts and special features, as thy) appeared in August 1.975; it xlo vontain; a condensed description of the scientific disciplines, information about Spacclah and an ace mint of the plat ring process to which new missions are suhjected. 'Pale report is structural in two layers. 'l`he first two chapters and pare of the third contain a brief summary of the program, it chuck overview intmuled for first readllmg. Ile rest ptcaenn it more detailed description, and an extensile hibliogr;tphy is appended to guide those who seek even more information, A certain amount of repetition has been deliberately iriduded in order to help those who intend to read only selected parts, %%- .r refcrmwe to the rest of the* MpOrt. Special thanks arc due to David Stern, whose efforts were responsible for this repom Adrienne Timothy helped shape much of the mission progmu outllnW We and eddeally reviewed this report as its various parts took shape. In addition, we are grateful to our colleagues at Goddard Space Flight Center and elsewherc, whose advice has landed the writing of this doeument Joseph Alexander, Lconard Burlaga, llliehael Caan, Robert Chapman, Maurice Dubin, George Gloeckler, Joseph Grehowsky, P.iehard Ilartle, Robert Hudson, Stuart Jordan, Carl Reber, Richard StoWrski and Roger Thomas. Thanks are also expressed to the many individuals and institutions who supplied illustrations and whose llanles are acknowledged in the appropriate captions. I larold Glaser Director, Solar Terrestrial Division C)ffive of Spec Scianecs NASA Ileadquarters, Washin, ton, DC; iv s,M.••- . - . -... ,a JkS..e1 6`e^^.®+^.ati.. ^k:.arYSSrebw.c+e^t^il^"RY' r ..dL w^mm4 -& SPA - .i^ Contents PREFACE ..................................................................... tv L INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW ........................................... t III MISSIONS AND PROGRAMS --- SUMMARY ..................................... 7 a. Uhticr-,*vtvv Class hliss►otts ................... ............................... 7 u. hxplorve Class missions ............................. ...................... (j C. Sh,4celah Missions ........ ............................................... 0 III. GUIDMO PRINCIPLES ....... ............................................ 13 it. Technical and Scientific Alerit ............. I .............. , . I .. I ............. 13 b, Practical Applications .. .. ................... I . I ..... I ............... , ... 13 C. 'Pies to Other Disciplines .......... ............. I ..... I .................... 13 d, The Suace Shuttle ...... ................................. ....... ....... Lit c. The Phase of the Solar Cycle ................................................. 14 f. 1,Wicicttt the of Resources ....... ...... ................................... 1 4 g, l►se of Alcor}' ................... ....... I . I , .......... I ... I ........ I ... 15 11, lnterf;t'm ............................................................. 16 i. Relation to other Programs of NASA and of other Agencies ............................ .t6 j. Responsiveness to the Science C:o ►nnimmN . ....................................... 17 IV. THE SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES ... ............. ......... ...... ........... l^^ a. ThcStin .............................................................. 1'4 1. Solar Convection ...... ............................................. 2U 2. The Solar Magnetic Vield ....................................... ....... 21 3. Solar Activity ............. ......................................... 22 4. Solar blares ........................................................ 22 h. The I lehosphcre ......................................................... 24 r. The Farch's Nlagnctosphere .................................................. 26 Lt. The Lipper Atmosphere .................................................... 32 1. 'rl►e Stratosphere and Atesosphere ......................................... 32 2. The",terntosphere and Mesosphere ........................................ 34 3. Thelonwphere ....................................... ............ 35 4. Sohn Activity and the atmosphere ........................................ 36 V. CURRENT AND RECENT MISSIONS .......... ............................... 39 a. Solar Research ......... ............................ ........ ........ 39 h. The I Ichospherc ......................................................... .t2 c. The Magnctospherc ......... .............................................. 43 d. The Lipper Anilospltcrc ........................................... ........ .F4 VI. PROPOSED MISSIONS —OVERVIEW ............ ................... ....... 4; ,t. The'rransition from Exploration to Detailed Study ................. .............. .4,'1 l►. The Space Shuttle ........................................................ .t8 C. Spacclah .............................................................. .1.0 v ViI. PROPOSED MISSIONS — FREE FLYING SPACECRAFT .......... .... ... ....... s1 a. Sun and Behospherc ....................................................... 51 1. Solar Polar Alission and OPEN ........ ............................... .... 51 i, The Solar Polar Mission ............................................. 51 ii, The Interplanetary Physics Laboratory (114.) of OPEN ............... ... .. $3 2. Solar Cycle and Dynamics Mission (SCADAI) . .. ........... ................. 54 3. Solar Probe ................................. ..I.... ... ...,, $4 4. Pinhole Camera Atission . ... ..... .... • , ........... • .... I ....... I .. I .. , 55 ti. Magnetosphere .......... .................... ........ ................ 56 1. Active Alagnetospheric Particle Tracer Experiment (AMPTIO .... I ................... 56 2. Origin of Plasmas in the Earth's Neighborhood (OPEN) ................. .......... 56 C. The upper Atmosphere ........ , , , . I ... I ....... I ............ I ... .... ..... 60 1. The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) . .............................. 60 i. Overview: Rumote Sensing of the ,icratospherc and Alesosphere ....... ........... 60 ii, The first LIARS Missions .................... ... .... I ... I .. 62 iii, Follow-on Missions ........... .. .... .. ......... ..... I .......... 62 Vill. SPACELAB MISSIONS ...................................................... 65 a. The FitstMissions ........................... .......... .............. I..... 65 1). l.,iter Al issions .......................... .... ........................... 66 C. The Spacclab Solar Observatory ............. I .. , ... , ........ ....... , . , ...... , 67 I, The Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) ......................................... 67 2. The Grazing incidence Solar Telescope (GRIST) .. , .. I .......... .. I .