This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Maoist moments : local actors, global history, 1960s~1970s Yan, Bo 2020 Yan, B. (2020). Maoist moments : local actors, global history, 1960s~1970s. Doctoral thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/137964 https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/137964 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY‑NC 4.0). Downloaded on 28 Sep 2021 13:34:55 SGT MAOIST MOMENTS: LOCAL ACTORS, GLOBAL HISTORY, 1960s~1970s YAN BO SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES 2020 Maoist Moments: Local Actors, Global History, 1960s~1970s YAN BO School of Humanities A thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2020 Statement of Originality I certify that all work submitted for this thesis is my original work. I declare that no other person's work has been used without due acknowledgement. Except where it is clearly stated that I have used some of this material elsewhere, this work has not been presented by me for assessment in any other institution or University. I certify that the data collected for this project are authentic and the investigations were conducted in accordance with the ethics policies and integrity standards of Nanyang Technological University and that the research data are presented honestly and without prejudice. Aug 20, 2019 . Date Yan Bo Authorship Attribution Statement This thesis does not contain any materials from papers published in peer-reviewed journals or from papers accepted at conferences in which I am listed as an author. Aug 20, 2019 . Date Yan Bo ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It seems like it was only yesterday when I came to this hot and humid island nation for PhD studies, but I know the journey is long and tortuous. Without the help, encouragement, support, and love that the people around me shared with me unconditionally, I have doubts if I could survive this adventure. In the first place, I offer my highest gratitude to my supervisor, Els van Dongen, without whom this journey would be far more difficult, and this dissertation would be impossible. She always respects my idea and encourages me to proceed. I always remember the inspiring words she gave me when I was struggling with self-doubt. She sets very high standards in academia and she is a perfect example of what a professional scholar, historian, and supervisor is supposed to be. I want to thank Professor Liu Hong for his priceless help when I applied for this excellent university. Such an accomplished scholar but with an incredibly approachable, friendly, and down-to-earth personality. Meeting him in Guangzhou in December 2014 was truly the life-changing event for me. The School of Humanities, NTU is a loving and supportive family and I’m blessed by all every step of the way. I’m thankful for all advice and help from Park Hyung Wook, Goh Geok-Yian, Hallam Stevens, Scott Anthony, Jessica Hinchy, Koh Keng We, Ngoei Wen-Qing, Miles Powell, Uganda Kwan Sze Pui, and Zhang Songjian. I had communications with Zhou Taomo even before she and I came to NTU. What an honor that after our online communications, we met each other in real life in Singapore! I thank her for her continuing help and support. My special thanks go to my two advisors at the Thesis Advisory Committee, Ang Cheng Guan and Fang Xiaoping. They provided valuable insights to my research and dissertation. Particularly, I want to thank Professor Evelyn Hu- DeHart, who sets an example herself of an energetic, passionate, and tireless scholar. For the administrative staff at the Graduate Office at my school, Ivy Goh, Christina Seet, and Eng Qiao En, thanks for your timely help each time I need to navigate the administration, you made my PhD life much easier. My gratitude also goes to librarians at the university, they work professionally in helping me find information I need, which is very critical in my studies. For all my friends at university, what a blessing to have you in my life. Zhu Jiahua, what a wonder girl! Your dedication to research, your sense of humor, and your incredible kindness are what I always look up to. Ray Han, my big brother, what an honor and blessing to have you in my life. Ang Chin Siew and Shah, you are always there when I’m at a loss or hesitant. All my fellow graduate students at the office, Yan Hanjin, Tang Ni, Li Yunfei, Yosephine, Hu Jianping, Luka Zhang Lei, Zhang Lili, Jia Yonghui, Ma Sirui, Lin Chia-Tsun, Park Soo Bin, Zhou Ziheng, Hugo Tam, Yao Xiaoling, Long Chao, He Fan, Xiang Zhili, Christina Low, Li Lianghui, Wang Zhitian, Hydar, Grace i Teo, Lu Qianting, Qi Fei, Lu Siao-wun, Geng Bowen, and Kang Mengni, we share joy and we share tears. It is a long journey, but we have each other, we don’t walk alone. My gratefulness goes to Zhang Yi, Liu Lin, Zhou Chao, Wang Yixuan, Rui Cardoso, Lu Chenjin, Lin Pengfeng, Zhang Penghui, and Cai Lingfeng. We became good friends at NTU. The dinners we had, the ideas we exchanged, and the stories we shared are like sunshine that drives out darkness in my studies. I’m fortunate to spend three months at the University of California, Irvine to collect sources and archives for this dissertation. The beautiful scenery, the comfortable climate, and the fantastic experience I had will remain one of my most treasured memories in life. I want to thank Professor Jeffrey Wasserstrom, without whom the trip would not be possible. I met and made friends with many people during the trip. To Professor Judy Tzu-chun Wu, Kyle David, Jennifer Munger, Daniel Tsang, Qiao Jinghua, Song Yongyi, Roger Schachtel, as well as librarians managing collections at the UC Irvine, UC San Diego, UC Berkeley, UCLA, San Francisco State University, University of Southern California, and the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, I say thank you from the bottom of my heart. During the trip, I met one of my best friends, Zheng Hui. We went to the same university and the same graduate school before we went separately to Singapore and the United States for PhD studies. When I was invited to sign on her marriage certificate as “witness”, I knew that was the honor of my lifetime. My US trip would not be filled with love, laughter, and joy without my superb host family. Liz Schima-Pedersen and her three beautiful children, Carina, David, and Melanie welcomed me into their family. When I said that I was the fourth child in the family, Liz knew that I was not joking. Lastly, my most heartfelt thanks go out to my parents, my sister, my brother-in-law, and my three-year old nephew. My parents, Yan Chuanzuo and Dong Lanqin witnessed and lived through the Cultural Revolution. When they were deprived of the right to education in their teenage years, they made up back later in their lives. Each time I come across obstacles and difficulties in life, I look for no other. Their life experiences, their integrity, and their resilience are always my biggest source of strength. Like traditional Chinese parents, they worked hard to make sure their children are well fed, taken care of, and educated. The given names of my sister and me reflect their hopes on their children, our names “Shuo” and “Bo” mean “Master” and “Doctor” in Chinese respectively. This dissertation is one step closer to their hopes. My sister and my brother-in-law, Yan Shuo and Fang Kun, share with me their unconditional love and support all through the years. I don’t think I can thank you enough, and there are no words to describe how much I love you. For my nephew, Ruite, I just can’t wait to hold you in my arms. ii Table of Contents SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................................ v CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Key Definition ............................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Theoretical Framework .............................................................................................................................................................. 11 Literature Review ...................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Research Questions .................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Dissertation Design .................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Methodology and Sources ......................................................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER TWO WHAT IS MAOISM? ................................................................................................................. 37 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................................................