eJotr,t'rollerxs ,e,,ir1c cq-L asuceqleq 1ou.{erusr q11nq u cred not? sulsa,r,ta11aq1ur ux€t er{Uo etuos l€ql peloprsuoJsrlrluouloru0qlle,eldLuexeJog.dno:Fsrq13o,{LuouoxulaqlBurpuelsrepunur,(lqereprsuoc d1eq,{urupacnpo:lutueeqe^pqqcrq^\uxe1esoql,{JrlueprolelqeBureque^g.le,relsaroedseqlapaceld ,e)uenbcsuoc .ele ,{1yolca;sr1eseq louupcr{orq^\ suorltollocJo lcq(unu E € sp sleqtpue uorlnqrJlsrp ur depe,ro sarcedslo.requnu e eleq,lr€rJ€llsnV tuelse/A Jo suer?ulalse^\-quou eq1 uor3 sueurrcadsq1t,.,r fllncgjrp relncrgt:dsr ,selpnts otoql pa^arqcc eq uec uorlpcUrssulJ alqets u teq1,41e1r 1un sr tr pleUqlr,r peurqtuoc'serceds pacnporlur ,{llsoru oseqlJoXBolotq eql3o BurpuelsJopun .rau3q E sr a.roqtIrtull 'luoruuol,ruo fq pacuenUulqcntu puD cqseld (.ra,r sr uorsso;dxe g 'pe1zlosr lucrBoloqdroll ,{lleorqderSoeBflsnor,le.rd are,tr qalqA\ DXD1 uoeA\1€q Bur't.tncco st uotlezrpuqXl .Z 's1sa33ns l uorlergrssulclueserd eql uuqlprleJlsnV ur eraqluesard cxel ssoI.lo aloru s]€ elaql .l :srqluruldxcplnocsctlrlrqrssodJoreqlunuV.sJclcuJ?qcBurqsrnBuqsrpelqurlarpuuolllncUJrp uogo 'scrceds sr lr t€rlt qcns uao,NeqsecueJeJJrp eql epore qcrq,r sueutrcedscru ereql lnq uoxul t?ol peu8rssa eq u€csuatlJrceds Sutlt n4lsot! fl,4s1iqJprrcsqDluaprrro l uea^\taqpu E s.tlDtuaptxJo.Jpue saptolst ) snuDualr1Jla pue.rap?ols7J ,xelduroc J J I uee,{\leqBur qs rn8ugsrp ur pue r.l"i7sa,r,ra77 eq1;o extl eq1SurtrLurlep ,{1uolcu;srles ur ,{llnruJrpppq ueUo spq Joqtns aql tnq srpo,{Jorequnu e ro3snua8 eql ot uelul qJ€orddeleuortrpzjl eql sl eJaqpelueseJd uorlEcrllsselc sq.L s.)rredspelula.r pue rrr,is,{4 's!lDluaPlrro 7 J'sapiotst? J'strlsa al J a.r ltaof,,{urdsqlr,r sarccdsasoqljo ,{lrclncrued.epr,r -pl.ro,!{uorsr aJpelrDlap .1 €Jo paeuur qantu,{le^ sr (e€e3Dll,{qdo?lT) snlnqtt1 Jo ,(ruouoxplcrll uo4JnpoJlul 'sstoods .r\l Iere^osJoJ peluu8rsep a.re sed,{1ol3al pue petuprle^sr Je{JuU X xa relqcrg Hs/rs.)/agts T xeldtuocv,r;rsa,/./aj J eql ut ex€l eql.Jo uotssncsrp e sreleql puednor8 luql urqlr,r ruorj peqrrrsep,{lleuuoJur elE ExElo^U_ uorsIAOJpuo,\\pJopaauut,{1e:ossrxcldwo)stqs Dt,Iaql Sutpuno.uns .qlueBx? .l sercedsesoqlJo ,{uouoxut eq} tsplluoc ul llenhl.J r?dtnco,rcrrw puu.qlueg ,Je).lpg.W.dsnquoJtlppD ..1,selcads,reu sntnulq J olp3l€leJ,{lasolclsou €Jo uorlrppeeql Luorj 'lnc ''l uude Jeelcsr st4saltal J ol pelplallou ereqctq,n sarcads e,,rrleu eqlgo,{urouoxel .sarcedseseqlgo ,{3o1otqpue fuouoxul ,ur;erlsny ..| eqluo se}ouqlrl\.roq1e8ol urlncco qcrq^\ .\?/ng7rJJo serceqsasorJl ol petuaserdsr,{aI IEg} V (g661)SE-6:(1)3yurs/np.snso^qnssnl(lu.L1o uorleprle,r pue sarceds .treuouo ?urpnlcur'erleJtsnv .Je{rufl ul (e€ecpgftldo? t7) snlnqrtl uo setoupue ,{e11er4 V W.N lluJfsqv '.rerral .srl€rlsnv 000Srrlertsnv qlnos oprelapv quoN\uaprDr) rrurlog qtnosJo urnDxqrollolels _/:l ToIJEBI I U snsolaqnssnlnqt rJ Jo uorfBprlEApuE sarJadsaau auo Sutpnlrur (equrlsnv ur (ouarBll,{rldoB[7) snlnqltl uo soloupuB fe{ lurrf V (866t)St-6:(I)Z I ErsllnN Nu)hil Vol 12,No I (laqR) or Iessunanncd coc ci of T.n inutu,vand T. micrococcu.\,bolh considered to benative to Australia,could $,ellrclatetolle,'/eslrisvar.inernisBoiss.orvar.bicornutus(Fisch.&C.A.Mcyel)Hadidiasdepicted "F in thetrcatment ofzygophyllaccac ( El Hadidi I 972)in loralranica" . In contrastto thecomplcxitics within sectionTerrestris, the othernative Australian spccies are usually easily distinguishable. 1'hepurpose ofthis paper is to providcan overvierv of TriDrilasin Austral ia, to h igh light the problem s andto providean interim\\'orking key to taxa. Gcneric and infragenericconsiderations All oitlre specicsof Tribulus(and Tribulopis R. Br.) in Australiawere transferred to Kallstroenie 'l'. Scop.by Engler(1890). Onespccies, pl.ttlpterus,prcsumably bccause of itsbushy hab it whereall OthcrSpecies were prostrate,continucd to be refcrrcdto Kdllslloenia cvcn alter the restl'rad been translleffedback to I/rru1?rs. "the Porter( l97l ) in hisnotes on thc floralglands ofTrlDrilas indicated that principaldiagnostic tloral charactersdistinguishing Tribirlus from theclosely rclatcd genus Kallstroemia Scop., rvith which it is oftenconfused, is thc presencc ofa rvhorloffive intrastaminal glands atthe base ofthe ovary in Z/irrlrri". These intrastaninal glands afe unmistakably present in the speciessurrounding thc I telre.rll/.rcomplex and in theother spiny-fruited 7116a1zs species u'hosc taxonomy is not clearcut as discusscdabovc. l'hese glands are absentin the native Australianspccics, I suberosus, T.pldlypterus, T.forrestii, 7. a.\trocdrPuu,T. hirsttlusand T nacrocarpus, raising the possibility that they miglrt be more appropriatelytrcated as Kal/.ttoenia than Tribulus. Ho\vever, KLtllstrcemiais furthercharacterizcd by a 10-lobedstigma and lruit anda l0-lobeddisc upon rvhich the 5 stamensare attaclted,all charactersnot applicableto thecndentic Austra)ian species. Thus it sccmslikely thatthe nativcAustralian species couJd u'ell form theirorvn section within 7il6ulasbased on thc lackof the intrastaminal glands. Thisapproach rvould not be supported by El I Iadidi's( 1978)classification where hc proposed three sectionslbr 7i.l6lhrs,based on fru it nrorpho logy. Sectionler/er //ls consistcd ofall ofthe species with in lhc 7'.terrest s cotnplcxand T. aslro.urp s, sectionl/a/a ofthosespecies rvith winged carpels and sectionlirclrrls ofspecies rvith unanncd and unrvingcd fruits. He I urthersuggest edthat T. plqtyPterus might reprcscnta nc\! genusbccause of its uniqueshrubby habit. Basedon his classiflcationthe Australianspecics rvould bc tlisposedas in l'ableI Table I . Placementofthe A ustralianspec ies of ifr"16rlr.tin thesections rccognized by Irl Hadidi ( 1978). sectiolt' Terraslris section rr?/rrriJ sectiolt' Aktla 711e|rcslris complcx ?T./itrrestii l . Muell 7 . p|qrypterLts Bentl't. 'l'. 7l /i]r'//r,t R. Br. suberctsus1l.Eicl.tler ex R.M. Barker T. occidentali.sR. Br'. T.mttcrocorpus F. Muell.ex Bcnth. 7. clchlerirarrrl-K.L. Wilson ?7.hirsutus Benth. f. clsIoiLlesi,. 'l a.rlrocnlpasF. Nluell. _- 'aSeurep lnoqlr,nl:rerlxe o1 elqrssodulr eq ol puno.lseq Joqlne srqlqcrq,rr'spcaseqlcJelrn{cJnluureqlSorrcocp.req,(leurc4xseqturqlrMpJSolJuA.Sotlulo{sefupl ,{lunletu otFurdol.Aepl.cocJo raqtunu IenlJueql lnq.lrn{ qlca u.rorjr..oc Setnporcl ol lurtuc}ocleql o,req sercods11y lesredsrproj rrloc.roslcllrn+ olur eiorJossrp i11an1ua,lc op urlerlsnyur sercedssz7ngr,i; eqt '(,'!\olcq Jo llPJo slln4 aqt s s.o)aqns7 rapunaes) ,{re4uol aql ol suorlE^lesqoeuros elrdseq lrun IEstadsrC Sur.roqreqlo {q ,{lu^ocql.}o 1ce11u a6etnocsrp snqt puD ,(tl^'cu luu eFuLrrocue0"", ,",r"rr";:tj;rt:l autl ssaccu .uorluurllou_.}les 1uro111sod6ur,no11r leql,{lrlrqrssod u oslu sr eJeql lueAelqpup sueupls 'rlrlltl eql apnlcur{Eru sletad aq13o 3ur11o.r eqt .l urpJ^Jesqo uoeq stq sc,i1e,rr1uule11e ;o uotleurllod Suunsucsnql pue ,p"qsu,1 sucLuuls^llql,(q eLu6rlsaq1 iu rpuno.r.rn"^-Josuucur r eq,{uur1r ,, _,"no11 "q1 tsaq .{rru lcql ltsu8ls ll u,roul lou sl lllsrJalJurpqcslql Jol uospeleql Je,roucql lo erlueJeql tnoqe lcejepuelspup,{llcurpnlrFuol dn s1rlad .r.,{\ol, 11or cql sesolcre,nog oqt ueq,\\ lnq ueclout e1r1_ete1d puru p€erdsapr,\\eJu erle.qsnV ,llp ul seltads.rrl/rg7./,1 lou.]r!solUjo slelacleql teqt alql]ocrlou alrnb sr 11 s1c1ad;o iur;1orluurpnlrEuol iSolorfl 'snua8 lcullsrpe se .,{pnls.reqlnS pelt;s.tlsr lr rcdBdslrlt3o sasodtnd cql;o.11nq scrrnbaroslr ,sn7nr1r.r1p?pnlcur 'stdolnquJ ur seorr}etuos snua8uur;urlsny oluepuc .s.rclcuJoqJ aqt.+ouorlrsocl cq.1 trn{ pupspuelS luutLuDtsurlul 'sJelJururlJJo -Joef,ucsqD ro oJUescrd's.rolcureqrledes lrqeq Surpnlcul leqLunuu uo peffiqsFurclnol; ..,ErlcrtsnV.'o leuuoJurur pecDldueeq o,req serccds eqt eiolq.,eql.roj luaurleeJl FururoJrluo-] orll ul '(^\olcq ees)s?{/rDoTapr .1 pcqrrcsep{1.,rreu eqlJolrn{ eqlJo€rnlonrls aql palerd.relur ,{1lca.uorsrq roqlneaL11y sndttcotcnar J qlr,treq ol rueddu plno,rr sdrqsuorttllors1rq8noqtlu 1p1puy1 1E,\qs4sa.ua1uor1:rosurpeluldsunsntltototls,oT.lad:ec qrecaosSut,lr aql uee,,*1eqseurds uerpeu3.Jrrd ,uoutes e surl slr{lol pauirssuos1u.r.,r/.rr ).).t)nw .1, rcuureedde peFur,nEe^rSolloqlo qoce uo ur esdpllocsllrM esaqt teql iur,{.rp uo fluosr ll .petuLlur/(ltcera 3JusllB,!\ eql eJuls.r/tzl/arl uorlcJs.,o ,elcls slrnt-+eql olrl erou qcnurrredde srTrzs,i/ry J Jo slln{ qsc{ Jlsqtul slln{ piSur,r laqlo cql ol ssccordlurre31rp e fq pe^rJepeq ol ulees,olEls ijp aqt ut pegur^\ 'ln ..in ,{lrr]clJelr q^\ trs./i{ J Jo slrn{ eql 7/lgr.r7jo sarcedsalerlsord,{11ensn aroul eql rllr^\ sppo sr 'uortres lu lrqeq ,{qqtrr qs JI aql srqt-}o slr n4 qtl,lr aql llJ^\eer8e qcr qM s1r n4 plBur,u {;.re a1c s^pq r.rsorrgn J pull sn.!aldAlDld J oltrl,f, trlp/'/ uolltts ol pousrssuscrceds uer letlsnV eql utq lt,t\ uorleUc,\osl1? sl eJaql !a^oqE dnor3lut1l-1osput13 lEuturDlseJlur aql s^IJDItr pelplssu lnq r'/1,lja//.z uorlcesur rprpeH {q paoe ..1,.spuu 1,1 1dse,n s rzrL D)o.tt sD 1.eleut ure lsurlur equo )tul eqt (q I /41./tr1 uorltcs pul?li.//s.r/.1al uorlces ulq1r,,|\serccds 11u uorjta.lirp olrucciduplno.n ir]s-a.lJo.f.Js^tLuJaul uotlcesqceo;ddu puusourds 1noq1r,,n 1so wlrl )Je snnutLu.1,peu s-n)xo.atrurJol perroJo.r.erlurlsnVul st4sdttar ,s4.//r&1 J ro swJo-+aqrJo auos,{Fe lrur5 seurdsuerpau j o red e ssessoclscop lr lDqlldeJXe uorlf,osJoe^rleluasaJder sp(g/61) rprpeg 11,(qpejnltrdrusoIl.H jrasDl.T-1os.1rnr3eq]q1r,n,{1eso1c saat8euTsattof1 setJcdsur rlpltsn V cqtol porldduucq,n uorleJU!sslrlc srql qlr.alsurelqoJd 3Ju er.qJ. sllnqrr.t. rt) sotou pu! ,(rt trrrr V lilrr8 tr'{)l T2 Nu)t\ia Vol 12,No. | (lq,'8) Thosespecies which havespines on the fruit clearlybelong to the dispersalsyndrome known as "trample burrs" (van der PijJ 1972). Thus speciesof Trihulussection Terrestris, together with T. astrocerpu,\andpossibly 7l /b//',?s1rlare all prostratcand all havehard fruits lying uponthe ground. Any pressureappJied to thesefluits from abovewill first of all causedissociation of the cocci and, dcpcndingon the lengthofthe spinesand the hardness ofthe objectapplying pressure, may well result 'l in penetrationofthe objectapplying the pressure. he subsequentdispersal wiJl presumablydepcnd on theefl'ect that th c penetratingspin es have on thcobjcct. lfthepenetmtioncauses irritation, it islikely thatthe dispersal will notbc far,but in thecase ofan inanimateobj ect such as atyre or boot,the dispersal couldbe much furthcr.