The Tension between Heritage Claims and Cultural Governance: A Case Study from Taiwan Wen-Tsung Den PhD University of York Archaeology September 2015 Abstract This study attempts to explore the issues on the involuntary tension between the heritage claims and cultural governance that follow from the devolution of heritage administration and the inherent contradiction between the universal heritage discourse and the local practical experiences in Taiwan. Through a review of the literature, the author shows the apparent existence of a dominant heritage discourse and the dramatic increase of alternative heritage recently. However, some controversial phenomena between the exclusive heritage legislation and the inclusive trend of heritage policy have been observed. With the help of historical research and Q methodology survey, this study goes on to explore the evolution of heritage concepts in Taiwan and various ways in which different people perceive heritage and the dilemma between the test of authenticity and necessary renovation, comparing the multi-lateral relations between various authorities and social actors in cultural governance. Finally, this study explores the gaps between the exclusiveness of heritage legislation and the inclusive nature of cultural governance. The exclusiveness derives from the orientation towards historical evidence of the dominant heritage discourse, which is instituted by heritage legislation, government agencies, professionals, international conservation organizations and conservation ethic, but which has no assent from ordinary people. However, this dominant discourse has recently been broadened by alternative heritage claims. After rethinking the meaning of heritage, the author submits that heritage is in fact the result of claim processes aimed at gaining official recognition to counter creative destruction in cultural governance. Furthermore, such processes involve complex, dynamic and multiple interactions which deeply influence the result of heritage claims. 2 List of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………........................................2 List of Contents……..…………………………….............................................3 List of Tables……………………………………………………………….……9 List of Figures………………………………………………...............................10 Declaration………………………………………………..................................13 Chapter 1 Introduction………………………………………………......14 1.1 Heritage: an Expanding and Heterogeneous Phenomenon…………......14 1.1.1 The Dramatic Growth and Prevalence of Heritage………….........................14 1.1.2 The Dissonance in the Heritage Boom……………………...........................14 1.1.3 Heterogeneous Heritages……………………................................................15 1.2 Thesis Rationale…………………….................................................................16 1.2.1 Exploring Heritage: a Convenient Word with more than One Meaning? .....16 1.2.2 An Empirical Case Study in a Non-Western Society: Taiwan…...................16 1.3 Thesis Propositions and the Problematic.....................................................20 1.3.1 Heritage in a Young Society without the Concept of Material Conservation.20 1.3.2 Imported, Authorized and Top-down Heritage Legislation............................21 1.3.3 High Value of Property under Rapid Economic Growth and Sprawling Urbanization....................................................................................................22 1.3.4 Diverse and Bottom-up Heritage Claims........................................................24 1.3.5 The Cultural Turn of Politics..........................................................................25 1.3.6 The Problematic：the Antinomy between Heritage Claims and Cultural Governance.....................................................................................................27 3 1.4 The Research Issues, Hypothesis and Analytical Methods...................30 1.4.1 The Research issues......................................................................................30 1.4.2 Hypothesis: Heritage as the Product under Cultural Governance................31 1.4.3 Analytical Methods: Historical Research and Q Methodology....................32 1.5 The objectives and Expected Contributions of the Research................39 1.5.1 Research Objectives......................................................................................39 1.5.2 Expected Contributions.................................................................................39 1.6 Outline of the Research; its Limitations.....................................................41 Chapter 2 Literature Reviews.............................................................43 2.1 The Origins and Features of the Authorised Heritage Discourse.........43 2.1.1 Nationalism, Monuments and Heritage.........................................................43 2.1.2 Creative Destruction, Romanticism and Heritage.........................................45 2.1.3 Colonialism and Heritage..............................................................................48 2.2 Alternative Heritage Approaches ................................................................50 2.2.1 An Ambiguous Term.....................................................................................50 2.2.2 Do the Future and the Present Matter More Than the Past? .........................52 2.2.3 Not Objective but Subjective.........................................................................54 2.2.4 Not Static Objects but Dynamic Processes....................................................54 2.2.5 The Democratisation of Heritage...................................................................55 2.3 A Brief Review of the Expansion of Heritage Concepts Based on International Conservation Documents.......................................................57 2.4 Heritage under the Cultural Turn of Politics..............................................73 2.4.1 Heritage and Politics......................................................................................73 2.4.2 From Government to Governance..................................................................74 2.4.3 Governmentality.............................................................................................78 4 2.4.4 Cultural Heritage Governance......................................................................80 2.5 Conclusion.........................................................................................................86 Chapter 3 The Evolution of Heritage Concept in Taiwan........................................................................................87 3.1 A Society without the Concept of Material Conservation.....................87 3.2 The Imported Heritage Legislation from the Japanese Colonisers between 1922 and 1945..................................................................................91 3.3 From Marginal Affairs, the Symbol of Political Encounter Campaign to the Reflection of Nativism between 1945 and 1982................................96 3.4 From the Legitimate Evidences of an Exiled Regime to the Focus of Controversy between 1982 and 1997..........................................................107 3.5 Historical Plan to Construct the Community of Life and Counter Sites to Dominant Ideology after 1997.................................................................111 3.6 AHD-Oriented Heritage Legislation in Taiwan.......................................118 3.6.1 The Definitions and Practices of Heritage Conservation Mainly Controlled by a Unitary Authority......................................................................................118 3.6.2 The Requirements for Heritage Designation: its Innate, Independent and Objective Values..........................................................................................119 3.6.3 The Exclusive Nature of Heritage Practices.................................................119 3.6.4 The Original-oriented Values of Heritage....................................................120 3.6.5 Authority and Expert Centred Heritage Conservation.................................121 3.7 Conclusion.........................................................................................................122 Chapter 4 Exploring People’s Attitudes to Heritage.....124 4.1 The Implementation of Q Methodology....................................................124 4.1.1 StageⅠGenerating a Concourse of Opinions..............................................124 5 4.1.2 Stage Ⅱ Extracting Representative Items: Q Sampling...........................125 4.1.3 Stage Ⅲ Carrying out Q – Sorting............................................................134 4.1.4 Stage Ⅳ Factor Analysis (by Person not by Item) ...................................135 4.1.5 Stage Ⅴ Results........................................................................................143 4.2 Findings and Interpretations of the Q survey..........................................146 4.2.1 The Findings and Interpretations of Factor One.........................................147 4.2.2 The Findings and Interpretations of Factor Two.........................................159 4.2.3 The Findings and Interpretations of Factor Three.......................................167 4.3 Conclusion………………………………........................................................173 Chapter 5 The Issue of Authenticity...........................................174 5.1 The Evolution of the Concept of Authenticity of the World