Glasgow, Scotland From ‘Red Clydeside’ to ‘Scotland with Style’: the transformation of Glasgow, Scotland Best known for its proud ship-building past, Glasgow is a property and labour rights. This is the famous ‘Red Clyde- retail activity, built on speculative wealth and rapidly rising post-industrial city still struggling to come to grips with the side’ Glasgow became known for during the 19th and early land prices. Buchanan Street is now one of Europe’s more impacts of deindustrialisation. Our title for this poster aims 20th century, when political radicalism amongst the working sought after shopping destinations. Glasgow is, according to be suggestive of such impacts. It wants to open some classes was at its peak of organisation. Rent strikes, labour to the billboards, ‘Scotland with Style’. windows onto the political and socio-cultural challenges movements and anti-war activity characterised the political that arise from the forms of rapid urban change cities like character and energy of the city at this time. The city is now undergoing new modes of transformation. Glasgow have experienced in the past 50 years and ask Intensive inner city redevelopment, particularly along the questions about how a city responds. Glasgow is a very different city today. Deindustrialisation river Clyde with new apartments and high-end city spaces, As a heartland of industrial activity from the early stages processes since the 1970s and the effects of neoliberal eco- occurs alongside the demolition of large swathes of pub- of the industrial revolution, Glasgow as a work-house be- nomic policies have torn the fabric of the city. As Scotland’s lic sector housing, particularly the infamous ‘tower blocks’ came the ‘Second City of Empire’, a crucial cog in the ma- - for which Glasgow’s skyline is known. Alongside a series of chinery of producing and sustaining Empire. The city’s mer- est city in the UK, it is also one of Europe’s most divided chants became wealthy from cotton and tobacco production and unequal cities. The leafy neighbourhoods of the wealthy the 2014 Commonwealth Games, and major new road in- in America, inevitably built on slavery and land disposses- ‘West End’ contrast starkly with poverty, deprivation, inter- frastructure), these new modes are shaping the possibilities sion. Drawing its workers from Ireland and the Highlands, generational worklessness and low life expectancy in the and spaces for urban action. industrial bosses created forms of accumulation and indus- east and north. Decades of ‘urban renewal’ and renaissance trial production in Glasgow that capitalised on the poverty, projects seem to have increased the effect of that divide and land dispossession and restructuring of land ownership that furthered the concentration of wealth and ownership. The began with the Enclosures in the 16th Century and took its city has been home to countless regeneration programmes, Scotland 78’782Km2 * Inhabitants 5’168’000 peculiar Scottish formation in the Highland Clearances dur- most famously the GEAR (Glasgow East Area Renewal) pro- ing the 18th and 19th Centuries. The concentration of work- Urban Region 368Km2 * Inhabitants 1’750’500 ers, in impoverished conditions, created deep concern with Clydebank Barmulloch Primary School - Relocation Strathclyde Tram Project Byres Road and West End West end festival Residential and Commercial development Expressway at Glasgow Harbour Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum Glasgow Airport Skyhub Celtic Connections ‘Riverside’ Transport Museum Glasgow Film Festival High-Speed Rail Link Buchanan Galleries Winterfest Govan “Armadillo” Hillington Industrial Estate Gallery of Modern Art The Lighthouse Science Centre and Tower Glasgow Crossrail Clyde Arc Homes for the Future Broomielaw and Tradeston Riverside Scour Protection Works St Andrew’s Suspension Bridge Velodrome and NISA Paisley Residential Relocation Program - Commonwealth Games 2014 Athlete’s Village M77 / Glasgow Southern Orbital Dalmarnock Dalmarnock M74 Extension ‘Go Ape’ - High Wire Adventure Facility - Pollok Country Park UEFA Champions League Final 2002 and UEFA Cup Final 2007 Legend Hampden Park Urban Region Central areas Areas of State-Led Reinvestment / Areas of Urban Regeneration Areas of Private Reinvestment Barrhead - Glasgow Road / Areas of Intense Neighbourhood Upgrading Trendy Neighbourhoods Gated Communities / Exclusionary Zones Areas of Privatization Very High Income Area Areas of disinvestment Subcentres Strategic Urban Infrastructure Projects Flagship Projects Events Failed and Grounded (large) Projects Informal Settlements * Resistance against School Closure East Kilbride scale 1:25.000 other New Museum of Transport Demolishing housing tower European City of Culture 2014 Commonwealth Games blocks Purpose to build a new space for Glasgow’s Transport Museum Purpose Regeneration of social housing stock Purpose to publicise the wealth of cultural facilities Glasgow Purpose to host the 2014 Commonwealth Games Dimensions By 1979, Glasgow had over 300 tower blocks, the has to offer ranging from art galleries, concert halls to highest density in the UK. The Red Road Flats are the libraries. Dimensions Athlete’s Village – 35 hectares; NISA and Velodrome – Dimensions 1 hectare highest reinforced concrete structures in Europe. Projets costs Disaggregated [ gures are not available. Indicative 10.5 hectares held throughout 2009 complimented by over 3,400 Projets costs £74 million cost examples include: Crown Street Regeneration Dimensions Project at £80 million; re-housing former residents of community programmes to engage the public. Projets costs latest estimate £523m – 40% increase on original esti- the Red Road Flats approx £60 million. Estimated ad- mates ditional £1.5bn will be spent on demolitions by 2022. Glasgow City Council, the Heritage Lottery Fund and Investors The UK Government, the Scottish Government, ‘City Legacy’ Consortium comprising the following: the Riverside Museum Appeal Investors Over £30 million Investors Glasgow City Council, Glasgow Housing Association, Projets costs Cruden, CCG Homes, MacTaggart and Mickel. Public Glasgow Development Agency and, since the 1990s, funds from Glasgow City Council and Scottish Gov- Architects Zaha Hadid Architects various private sector partners Investors Glasgow City Council and private funding. ernment. Architects The best known architects of tower blocks included Basil Spence (1907-1976), Joseph Lea Gleave (1907- RMJM 1965) and Sam Bunton (1908-1974). Architects Description / Reason for this choice / Background / context Description / Reason for this choice / Background / context Description / Reason for this choice / Background / context Description / Reason for this choice / Background / context The Riverside Transport Museum is a purpose built facility that replaces Rapid industrial and demographic expansion of the city in the 19th and Glasgow’s desire to be only the sixth ‘European City of Culture’ since Hosting the 2014 Commonwealth Games has brought about large infra- the existing museum near Kelvingrove Museum. Some see it as a much early 20th centuries brought a desperate housing crisis in the 1950s. In the programme began in 1985 can be seen as the city’s response to the structure and redevelopment projects in the city. These are concentrated needed dedicated modern museum space with more space and a high response to this and severe overcrowding 29 “Comprehensive Rede- effects of industrial decline. Held in 1990, the event was seen as a wide- in the very poorest neighbourhoods of the city, especially in the east end pro le design. Others are bamboozled by the removal of a successful velopment Areas” were identi ed and a series of peripheral social hous- reaching programme that did not just look towards improving cultural fa- neighbourhood of Dalmarnock. Here, a new velodrome and major new museum space from a logical space next to other similar spaces in the ing estates developed. ‘The schemes’, as they are known, remain some cilities themselves but all facets of city living including enhancing existing sports arena, plus the 1500 home Athlete’s Village are to be developed. city. The new Museum is located where signi[ cant new development has of the city’s most deprived areas. Heavily in uenced by Le Corbusier’s businesses as well as encouraging future links with emphasis on tourism Events will also be held at other locations through the city and the wider taken place, on Glasgow Harbour. Much of this development has been ideas, Glasgow Corporation oversaw the construction of over 300 towers and retail. region. A company known as ‘Glasgow 2014 Ltd’ is responsible for deliv- private residential use – the museum forms part of a wider public strategy (between 10 and 31 storeys) by 1979. For a brief historical moment, tower ering the 11 day event. Glasgow City Council, and the Scottish Govern- in the area. blocks represented the triumph of technology and a utopian vision to al- Signi cance for New Metropolitan Mainstream ment are the principal public funders of the Games. Legacy planning is leviate social problems. being undertaken by both these public agencies. The event can be seen as another generic celebration event which pass- Yet tower blocks were vastly more expensive than anticipated, isolated, Signi cance for New Metropolitan Mainstream es from city to city, working as a catalyst for increasing global appeal as often lacking access to public transport and basic services. Construction a tourist and business destination. Seen as part of the neoliberal urban