The Flagship Report 01 GLOBAL REPORT 2017 ENDING VIOLENCE IN CHILDHOOD Know Violence in Childhood: A Global Learning Initiative 02 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017 CHAPTER – 1 CHAPTER – 2 CHAPTER – 3 TIME TO END VIOLENCE ON AGGRESSION VIOLENCE A GLOBAL SCALE AND FEAR IN THE IN CHILDHOOD CHILDHOOD YEARS CHAPTER – 4 CHAPTER – 5 CHAPTER – 6 NO SAFE PLACE STRATEGIES FOR ESSENTIAL PREVENTION PUBLIC ACTION The images running through this Report, steadily completing a child’s sweater, reflect the need to embrace children in stronger and carefully interwoven strategies for violence-prevention. They have been designed and created by Sarah Naqvi, a textile artist from India. Quotations from children used in the margins of some pages are taken from Pells, K. and V. Morrow. 2017. “Children’s Experiences of Violence: Evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam.” Background paper. Ending Violence in Childhood Global Report 2017. Know Violence in Childhood. New Delhi, India. Suggested citation: Know Violence in Childhood. 2017. Ending Violence in Childhood. Global Report 2017. Know Violence in Childhood. New Delhi, India. Communication design strategy, Lopez Design, New Delhi, India. GLOBAL REPORT 2017 ENDING VIOLENCE IN CHILDHOOD ii Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017 KNOW VIOLENCE IN CHILDHOOD: A Global Learning Initiative This Report is an output of Know the Journal of Psychology, Health and Violence in Childhood – an Medicine (March 2017), background independent global learning initiative. papers and an annotated bibliography The Initiative makes the case for have been produced during the ending violence in childhood across Initiative’s three years. the world. By examining existing data and commissioning new research, the The Initiative also organized a series Initiative has synthesized knowledge of regional meetings in Central on the causes and consequences of Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, Latin childhood violence, and identified America, and South Asia which evidence-based strategies to prevent brought together researchers, childhood violence. practitioners and policy makers to address issues of childhood violence Bringing together a diverse, salient to their regions. multidisciplinary group of researchers and experts, the Initiative organized Partners of Know Violence in its work around three Learning Childhood include FXB USA, Inc., the Groups – Homes and Families, Public Health Foundation of India, Schools, and Communities and Public and the University of Delaware. Spaces. Forty-four papers from over a Financial support has been provided hundred authors at universities and by an anonymous donor, American institutions around the world were Jewish World Service, the Bernard commissioned. These papers, in turn, van Leer Foundation, the IKEA drew on over 3,100 articles, books and Foundation, the NOVO Foundation, reports, including over 170 systematic OAK Foundation, the Robert Wood reviews of evidence on preventing Johnson Foundation, the UBS childhood violence. A special issue of Foundation and UNICEF. Steering Committee Lincoln Chen (Chair), Kathleen Cravero-Kristoffersson, Michael Feigelson and Marta Santos Pais Global Co-Chairs A.K. Shiva Kumar and Baroness Vivien Stern Learning Group Co-Chairs Patrick Burton, Nancy Guerra, Robert Muggah, Maureen Samms-Vaughan and Charlotte Watts Executive Director Ramya Subrahmanian Senior Research Adviser Lorraine Sherr Editor Peter Stalker Research Soumya Kapoor Mehta, Neeta Misra, Bhagya Sivaraman Data analysis Ilhom Akobirshoev, Nina Badgaiyan Foreword iii FOREWORD For a large proportion of the world’s geographies, disciplines and population, life is better than it was sectors can unite academics, policy 30 years ago. Incomes have risen makers and practitioners to end significantly. Life expectancy has childhood violence. increased. Fewer people are living in extreme poverty. Fewer mothers die The Report finds large gaps in global in childbirth. The global community knowledge and evidence related to has also moved in many directions to different dimensions of childhood make the world a more peaceful place violence. It therefore calls for much for all. greater investment in data, research and evaluation to break the silence And yet, at least three out of every around violence and to promote public four of the world’s children – 1.7 action across the world. billion – had experienced some form of inter-personal violence, cruelty or Defining and measuring childhood abuse in their daily lives in a previous violence is not easy. The Report makes year, regardless of whether they lived a beginning by using estimated in rich countries or poor, in the global prevalence rates to develop a global North or the global South. picture of violence in childhood. It calls for States to invest in It is unfortunate that a culture of strengthening data systems to report silence surrounds violence. As a result, on all forms of violence experienced violence against children is still largely by children across ages and settings. invisible in the development discourse. This Report also calls for global and Violence violates the dignity and rights local actions to promote child rights of children, and robs them of the joys and prevent violence. It advocates a of childhood. Childhood violence also shift away from seeing violence as disrupts the formation of capabilities, a series of discrete episodes towards and imposes huge financial and recognizing that it is a thread running human costs on individuals through the everyday lives of children and societies. everywhere. The tide is however turning. The Violence breeds fear. And freedom 1989 United Nations Convention from fear is as fundamental to life as on the Rights of the Child, ratified freedom from want and freedom from by all but one of the UN member hunger. We firmly believe that ending states, has been the inspiration for childhood violence should become a national governments and others priority for the world to achieve truly to end violence against children. sustainable human development. With ending violence being a clearly articulated priority of the Sustainable Development Goals, we have a unique opportunity to break the cycle of violence, especially for children and women who bear the brunt of it. A.K. Shiva Kumar Vivien Stern This Report has marshalled global evidence to show how Global Co-Chairs collaboration and learning across Know Violence in Childhood iv Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Ending Violence in Childhood researchers from around the world to Global Report 2017 is the product of bring together the evidence and shape a collective effort of Know Violence the key messages of the Report. in Childhood, an independent time- bound global learning initiative, Lorraine Sherr served as the Senior and many external advisers and Research Adviser and brought her contributors. The findings, analysis considerable experience to bear on our and policy recommendations of this work, including overseeing the Special Report are those of Know Violence Issue of the Journal of Psychology, in Childhood and the authors who Health and Medicine brought out by prepared background papers, and the Initiative in March 2017. may not necessarily represent the viewpoints of the members of the Over 100 researchers contributed Steering Committee or the financial background papers to the Initiative, supporters of this Report. collaborating across disciplines, institutions and geographies to We have received support and identify gaps in knowledge, and guidance from eminent individuals to bring together information on and organizations around the key issues relating to violence in world. We would like to begin by childhood. Many participated in acknowledging the leadership meetings and provided peer feedback role that the late Peter Bell played on papers. Our grateful thanks go in launching us on this journey. to Naeemah Abrahams, Thomas Susan Bissell, Director of the Global P. Abt, Rahul Ahluwalia, Elizabeth Partnership to End Violence against Allen, Jeannie Annan, Kim Ashburn, Children, was instrumental in the Loraine J. Bacchus, Rodrigo Serrano- establishment of the Initiative Berthet, Theresa S. Betancourt, Sarah along with others including Robert Bott, Rachel Bray, Isabelle Brodie, Alexander Butchart, Michael Feigelson, Felicity L. Brown, Monica Bulger, Betzy Geeta Rao Gupta and Lisa Jordan. Butron, Claudia Cappa, Marilyn A. Campbell, Flavia Carbonari, Marisa Our Steering Committee Chair, Casale, Yasmin Iles-Caven, Ko Ling Lincoln Chen, and members Kathleen Chan, Alejandro Cid, Kelly Clarke, Cravero-Kristoffersson, Michael Lucie Cluver, Manuela Colombini, Feigelson and Marta Santos Pais, Sarah Cook, Rose Davies, Ashley have played a strategic role in Deanne, Bianca Dekel, Charlene shaping the work of the Initiative Coore-Desai, Karen Devries, Jenny and guiding it to completion. We are Doubt, Michael P. Dunne, Genette particularly thankful to Lincoln Chen Ellis, Mary Ellsberg, Lonnie Embleton, for his intellectual guidance and Valeria Esquivel, Kristin Fox, wise counsel, and to Marta Santos Natasha Gandhi, Katherine Gannett, Pais for the constant encouragement Frances Gardner, Michelle L. Gatton, and confidence vested in us. Elizabeth T. Gershoff, Jean Golding, Leah Goldmann, Anne M. de Graaff, We are thankful to the Chairs of our Alessandra Guedes, Andrea Harris, three Learning Groups who helped Natasha Hollis, Emma Howarth, determine the research framework Zuhayr Kafaar, Andrea Kaufmann, that has