MANAGING DISPUTED TERRITORIES, EXTERNAL MINORITIES AND THE STABILITY OF CONFLICT SETTLEMENTS. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIX CASES. Thesis submitted by Stefan Wolff for the degree of Ph.D. London School of Economics Department of Government UMI Number: U119119 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U119119 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 Abstract This thesis examines the conditions under which ethno-territorial cross-border conflicts can be resolved successfully. Ethno-territorial cross-border conflict is a type of ethnic conflict in which competing territorial and ethnic claims of distinct state and group actors occur; and this manifests itself primarily on three interrelated levels - inter-group conflict, conflict between the external minority and the institutions of its host-state, and the (territorial) conflict between host- and kin-state. An initial theoretical exploration of the subject establishes the framework of the subsequent study of individual cases, examining why the similar conflicts in Alsace, the Saarland, South Tyrol, and Northern Ireland required fundamentally different solutions. In addition to this, the condominia of Andorra and the New Hebrides are analysed, providing the basis upon which the concept of a condominium-style settlement for ethno-territorial cross- border conflicts is explored. By looking at the workings of integration, traditional consociation and consociation with permanent institutionalised kin-state involvement, secession, and condominium, the complexity of factors is studied that influence the development of ethno- territorial cross-border conflict, including inter-ethnic and intra-ethnic dimensions and the policies of the host and kin-state in relation to the conflict and each other. Thus refined, the analytical framework allows determining the conditions that must be fulfilled to provide lasting stability to a negotiated settlement. This set of stability criteria creates a paradigm that has relevance as an analytical tool beyond the case studies conducted in this thesis. It can be used to : design case-specific solutions to actual ethnic conflicts and it can serve as an instrument to recognise instabilities in, and potential breakdowns of, existing settlements sufficiently early to respond to them constructively and to avoid a re-escalation of an already settled conflict. 3 Contents List of Tables _______________________________ .....______ 7 List of fig u res _________ ,___________ ___________ _______ 7 List of Chronologies of Key Events ... 7 List of Overviews of stability Criteria ....... 7 Preface __________________________________________________________ « 8 Acknowledgements _____________________________________________ 13 PART ONE A FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY OF ETHNO-TERRITORIAL CROSS-BORDER CONFLICTS AND THEIR SETTLEMENTS 14 I. CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION: EXTERNAL MINORITIES AND DISPUTED TERRITORIES_______ .......____ 15 ETHNICITY AND NATION________________________________________ 17 Conflict and Patronage .._______________________________________________ ..... 20 Territory ................................................................................................... 26 Ethnic and Territorial Cla im s ________________________________________ 28 n . POSSIBLE CONFLICT SETTLEMENTS FOR ETHNO-TERRITORIAL CROSS-BORDER CONFLICTS.......................... 30 INTEGRATIONIST TECHNIQUES OF CONFLICT SETTLEMENT _____ ......____ ...... 34 Secession /Irredenta as Settlement Mechanism _____________________________ 37 The N ature of Secessions and Irredentas ......................................................... 37. Self-D etermination and the V iability of Secessionist /Irredentist Claim s .............. 39 Consociations and Their Applicability to Ethno -Territorial Cross -Border Conflicts ___________ ......______________ ......____.................. 50 The Theory of Consociationausm ................................. ..................................... 50 Consociational Settlements of Ethno -Territorial Cross -Border Conflicts 51 IH. CONCLUSION OF PART ONE: WHICH FACTORS INFLUENCE ETHNO-TERRITORIAL CROSS-BORDER CONFLICTS AND THE STABILITY OF THEIR SETTLEMENTS?............................................ 56 PART TW O CASE STUDIES................................... 61 IV. ALSACE....................................... ........... 62 D evelopments before 1870_____________________________ — . 65 THE ‘REICHSLAND’ PERIOD, 1870/71 -1 9 1 9 ...............................................................---------67 From the Frankfurt Peace Treaty to the Introduction of the German CONSTnUTION, 1871-1874 .................................... 67 The Formation of the Autonomist Movement and Its Absorption into the Protest Movement ..................................................................................... 70 The Increasing Success of German Integration Policy ................... 72 Summary : The Success of German Integration Policy , 1871 -1 9 1 2 .......... 76 The Inter -War Period , 1919-1940__________________________________ 77 Centralisation , Purification , and Assimilation : French Policy , 1919-1924.............. 78 The Alsatian Response : Rebellion of the Clergy , 1924-1926...................... 81 4 The Impact on the Alsatian Party System.......................................................................... 84 General Developments............................................................................................................. 84 The ‘Heimatbund’ ........................................... 88 The French Response to the ‘Heimatbund* .................................................................................. 90 The Realignment of the Party System.......................................................................................... 95 The D ecline of the Particularist Movement , 1930-1940.......................................... 97 Alsace and Germany , 1919-1939.......................................................... 101 Summary : Mixed Results - French integration Policy in the Inter -War Period ... 103 ALSAE after 1945_______________________________________ .__ ....... 108 The Impact of German Occupation , 1940-1945.................................................................. 108 The Situation after the Wa r ............................. 109 Alsace Today : From Particularism to Regionalism ? .................................................... I l l Summary : The Eventual Success of Integration after 1945........................................126 V. TH E SAARLAND.............................................................................................................129 Historical Background ______________________________ .......--------------------- ...,131 Saar History until 1919......................................................................................................... 131 Between France and Germany : The Status of the Saar , 1919 -1935.............. 133 The Saar as Part of the Third Reich .......................................................... 136 The Re-emergence of the Saar conflict after 1945_____ ...__________ _ ___ .v..... 137 Prelude to the Conflict ..................................................... 137 French Saar Policy until 1947 .............................................................. 138 Developments in the Saar............................................................................................................143 The International Context ..............................................................................................145 The Trilaterausauon of the Saar Conflict : Germany , France , and Europe ......... 146 German Saar Policy, 1949-1952............................... *.................147 The Continuation of French Integration Policy.......................................................................... 148 A New Player Emerges: Europe................................. 151 The Saar between France and Germany ........................................................................... 155 The Settlement of the Co n flic t ________________________________ .....------------157 German -French Relations ....................................................................................................157 Domestic Sources of Saar Policy.................................................................................................158 The Failure of Negotiations in 1952/53.......................................................................................159 The European D imension in the Settlement Process ...................................................... 162 Reaching a Final Settlement : The Prerogative of Consolidating the Western Alliance ...................................................................................................... 167 The Success of Negotiations in 1954............................................. 167 The Rejection of the Agreement by the Saar Population...................................