he annexation of the Orange Free State was announced on 24th May 1900, and the Transvaal on 1st September. With both capitals captured, many people believed that the war was over, but they had not reckoned on the toughness and determination of the Boers to carry on the fight by other means, particularly by the use of guerrilla warfare. This was typified by their leaders, President Steyn and General Christian DeWet of the Orange Free State and General Louis Botha and J.H. Koos De La Rey of the Transvaal. General de Wet. While the British controlled the railway lines, large areas of the republics were still in Boer hands. DeWet operated in the Orange Free State, Botha in the eastern Transvaal and Koos De La Rey in M.T. Steyn, President of the the western Transvaal. The war Orange Free State. deteriorated into a series of skirmishes, and the British found themselves involved official policy to drive them from their with an elusive foe, fighting a type of war homes.5 Kitchener had 'camps of refuge' with which they had no previous set up for the homeless families and their experience.' The Boer commando units, black servants. Eventually Boers captured which varied in size from anything to 60 during the fighting were also lodged in men to 3000 men,%ould travel about forty these camps. Large numbers of people miles a day and were always on the move, were grouped together and housed in appearing unexpectedly to sabotage, tents, giving rise to a new phrase in the ambush and harry, the numerically English language - the words 'concentra- superior British forces3 tion camp'. It was, I believe, during the These Boers who continued to fight revolt in Cuba in 1895 that the term General Louis Botha. became known as the 'Bitter enders', first came into use. Cuba was a Spanish while those who handed in their weapons possession, and a large army was sent the camps. Other Boer prisoners were and surrendered were called the 'Hard under the command of General Weyler to sent to British colonies as far away as uppers'. In an attempt to deprive the Boer suppress the rebels. One of the measures India, Ceylon, Bermuda and St. Helena. commandos of information and places to that he adopted was the herding of Other tactics used by General Kitch- shelter, Roberts and Kitchener began a civilians into 'concentration camps', where ener were the building of what became policy of burning the farms and home- many died from the unhygenic conditions known as the 'blockhouse' line system steads of those who continued to fight. and from maln~trition.~The first camps in (see map) and the use of barbed-wire. The British regarded every farmhouse South Africa were set up in September Originally the railway lines had been as an enemy food depot, sanctuary and 1900, and during the course of the war protected from sabotage by the digging nest of spies. Most of the farms that were there were 50 such camps7 and manning of trenches near vital points burned were in the Orange Free State. In 1901 the camps in South Africa were such as railway stations, supplemented by Among the reasons given for the destruc- swept by disease - pneumonia, measles mounted patrols between each point. Now tion of properties were: harbouring of and enteritic fever. Due to bad adminis- the British army began building small Boers, abuse of the white flag, hiding tration, inefficiency and lack of sanitary stone forts and corrugated iron block- ammunition, assisting the enemy, and the knowledge, an estimated 20,000 white houses, manned by a full-time garrison of cutting of telegraph lines. The number of people, mainly children, died.8 It is not seven soldiers and some African scouts. Boers still on active service at that period known how many coloured people died in The posts were connected by telegraph was estimated to be just under 10,000 the camps.g Improvements in the running and linked together by barbed-wire men.4 One British soldier called the policy of the camps came about when Miss fencing, while armoured trains patrolled of farm burning 'domestic murder'. Emily Hobhouse visited them in the same the railway lines. At first the blockhouses Meanwhile the Boers who had given year and brought them to the notice of the were built one mile apart, then half a mile, up the fight, and their families, had to be British public. During the course of the and eventually a quarter of a mile apart.1° protected. Boer generals had made it their war about 130,000 people were interned in From July 1901, this system was being SOUTH AFRICA, O'I I South Africa, 1899-1902, showing places named in the text. constructed across the whole of South buildings when they came across them, Africa. It served several purposes - as a regarding this as reprisal for what the barrier to restrict Boer movements, and it British had done to their farms.13 Cape carved up the countryside into areas of Dutch who took up arms against the more manageable size in which to trap British were also liable to be executed for Boer commando units." The blockhouse rebellion. line system covered an area of 3,700 miles and had 8,000 blockhouses manned by 50,000 troops and 16,000 Africans. Although the blockhouses were bullet- Early in May 1900, the Munsters, now proof, they were not shellproof, but by attached to the 20th Brigade under this time the Boers were fighting a General Paget, left Warrenton, moving guerrilla war and had practically given up back down the railway line to Windsorton using artillery.'" Road Station.14 From there the men began Another drastic measure taken by the what can only be described as a long British was death by execution. General march:- Kitchener used Africans to help in the 'The hardships we have gone through manning of the blockhouse lines. When are not to be forgotten. We had to march the Boers captured non-whites with 127 miles, and some of that was forced weapons, they shot them; British court- marching, on half our food, hard biscuits martials condemned the Boers to death and bully meat and a drink of cold tea. for murder. Another act which drew the This country is no good; I can see nothing death penalty was the burning of public in it since I came out. All the time that I buildings. Cape Colony was put under have travelled there was not one tree to be martial law after a number of raids into the seen only barren land. I will be very glad colony by Boer commando units between to get away from this place, as there is Field Marshal Lord Roberts 1900 and 1901. The Boers burned public nothing but dead horses and cattle lying with his Sikh servant. about. There is sure to be a plague after this war. Our clothes are in rags, and we have none to replace them. We left Warrenton on the 8th of May, after fighting there for seven weeks. We went to Windsorton Road, and from there to Boshof, from Boshof to Hoopstad, from Hoopstad to Bothaville, from Bothaville to Kroonstad, and from Kroonstad to Lindley, and we had some fighting at Lindley with DeWet (a Boer general). He captured 400 of our Imperial Yeomanry (mainly Irish). They were too far ahead; they were acting as scouts. I did not see a paper for the last couple of months. I suppose the war will be over by the time you get this letter. We don't hear much of what is going on in the country, as we are kept in the dark of everything - even we would not be told where we would be going to when on the march"15 Grenadier Guardsmen manning a blockhouse. "We first came across DeWet outside Boshoff, and kept on his track until we before our convoys came, after trying to would fit in a small handkerchiet tobacco came to Lindley. We occupied that town flank us for three weeks, he shelled us cannot be had for love or money. We were for one month. There I suffered the most. right, left, front and rere. If his shells were supposed to have DeWet surrounded We were twelve days besieged; always on good I would not be the writer of this several times but he got away. He is still at the alert from daylight to darkness. We letter. His shells were good but badly large, but it will not be long."l6 had only four guns of the 38th Field timed. He made a desperate rush up the During the fighting at Lindley, a line of Battery, one half of our battalion, half the right flank to capture our convoy, but the outposts extending half-way around the Yorkshire Light Inf., two companies of little garrison fought with all their might, town was manned by the Munsters aid the Scottish Rifles, the other half of the having but very few casualties; they meant other regiments. During the whole month battalion bringing a convoy from Kroon- to defend it, though we were properly of June there was fighting every day, and stad. DeWet you know was the downfall starved. We had to pay 4d. for a loaf of the Boers constantly shelled the area. On of General Gatacre (who returned to black bread. It would barely do a hungry one day alone, over 200 shells were fired England in disgrace). He is the devil after man for his breakfast; 1s.