OCTOBER 2020 CARNIVAL VOL. XX JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS OF HISTORY ASSOCIATION ISSN: FORTHCOMING Carnival (Journal of the International Students of History Association), vol. 20. October 2020. ISHA International Secretariat c/o Fachschaftsinitiative Geschichte Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institut für Geschichtswissenschaften Friedrichstraße 191-193a 10099 Berlin Website: https://ishainternational.wordpress.com/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/isha.inter Email: [email protected] Carnival Archive: https://ishainternational.wordpress.com/archive/ Carnival is a publication of ISHA, the International Students of History Association. Carnival is published online under a forthcoming ISSN-Number. Former editions of Carnival have been published under the following ISSN-Numbers: 1457-1226; 1582-3261. Editors in Chief for vol. 20: Eric Jeswein and Tamara Pataki, 2019 Moriah Simonds, 2020 Editorial Board for vol. 20: Erzsébet Árvay Andrea Briscoe Tamara Pataki Bisera Srceva Luka Ursić Facts and opinions published in these papers express the opinions of the respective authors and not the editorial committee of Carnival. Authors are responsible for their citations and use of sources, and the accuracy of their references and bibliographies. ISHA cannot be held responsible for any omissions or possible violations of rights of third parties. 1 Carnival Volume 20, October 2020 2 Carnival Volume 20, October 2020 Table of Contents Eric Jeswein: Editorial: The More Things Change, the More Things Stay the Same .......... 5 Erzsébet Árvay: Conflicts in Symbolic Space: The Bombardment of Nijmegen ................ 7 Alen Borić: Contributions to the History of Sport: Sport in the Grip of Ideology and Politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1875-1941)........................................................................................ 26 Mathias Castrén: The Legitimacy of the Common Currency – Justification of the Supranational Monetary Regime in the European Periphery ......................................................... 59 Sara Čović: Damnatio Memoriae – The Contested Memory of Antonio Bajamonti in Split ........................................................................................................................................................ 91 Josip Humjan: Illegal Migrations from the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Yugoslavia to the United States from 1918 to 1941 .................................................................... 116 Niko M. Korhonen: The Second Amendment: Militia and Bearing Arms as Civic Duties in the Early American Republic ....................................................................................................... 141 Jeroen Adriaan Petit: Bye, bye Belgium? Anti-Belgian Flemish Nationalism in the 1930s ...................................................................................................................................................... 163 Georgina Postlethwaite: Monument and Anti-monument in Budapest: Forgetting to Remember the Holocaust?............................................................................................................ 190 Aleksandar Simić: Old Gods and the New: (Re)Invention of Athenian Cults in the Hellenistic Period ......................................................................................................................... 227 Moriah Simonds: The Matrix of Radical Hindu Nationalism and the Synthetization of Indian History ............................................................................................................................... 247 Sophia Tschugguel: Electrified Sex and Gender: A Short History .................................. 270 3 Carnival Volume 20, October 2020 Book Reviews .................................................................................................................. 296 Simon Bruns: Kimura, Kan. The Burden of the Past: Problems of Historical Perception in Japan-Korea Relations. Translated by Marie Speed. Ann Arbor (MI): University of Michigan Press, 2018. Paperback, €30.50, ISBN: 978-0-472-05410-7 ....................................................... 298 4 Carnival Volume 20, October 2020 Editorial: The More Things Change, the More Things Stay the Same Eric Jeswein, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin [email protected] Have you ever wondered where the name Carnival originates from? Sakari Saaritsa solves this mystery in the editorial of vol. 1: “ . a colleague came up with Carnival on the following grounds: when students publish an international journal of their own, the moment is carnivalistic, since the “commoners become kings”, implying a revolution of the existing hierarchy; and each issue will also be a recurring cause for celebration!” I would love to get a comment from Mr. Saaritsa on this quote 20 years later, especially now that he is an associate professor of history at the University of Helsinki. Saaritsa manages two pinpoint two problems which have staid with Carnival since the beginning: Uniting all published articles of a given edition under a common theme, and the question of academic standards and ‘quality control’. The first problem requires, in my mind, a pragmatic approach. If enough papers are submitted under a certain theme the better, but this is never a given. The second problem is slightly trickier: Whose academic standards? Who decides what passes as a ‘quality paper’? We tend to forget that ISHA is made up of students from all over the world, but currently mostly from Europe. And even inside of Europe alone, Carnival highlights the disparate academic backgrounds and traditions that cover the catch-all term “the field of historical studies”. As an editor, it is easy to fall into the trap of “my way or the highway”, and it helps to periodically remind oneself of one’s own fallibility and limited perspective of the historic discipline. 5 Carnival Volume 20, October 2020 The biggest change between 1999 and 2020 is digital. The days of sending in your submitted papers on diskette via ‘snail-mail’ seem quaint compared to the possibilities of Google docs, “Track Changes”, email attachments and slack channels. To close with a historical cliché: The human element, no matter the circumstances, remains ever important. I could not have finished this edition of Carnival without the help of my fellow Editor in Chief Moriah, as well as the Editorial Board. Thank you for lasting support and expertise over the course of 2019 and 2020. Viva ISHA! Eric Jeswein, Berlin, 03.10. 2020. 6 Carnival Volume 20, October 2020 Conflicts in Symbolic Space: The Bombardment of Nijmegen Erzsébet Árvay [email protected] Abstract Conception of spaces plays an important role in connecting communities to their past and in forming their collective identity. Spaces may carry symbolic meanings with which a group has endowed them and by which the group can represent their collective memory. A symbolic space can carry different meanings which may oppose each other. Such space is the city of Nijmegen as the symbolic space of liberation and destruction. In 1944, two horrendous military operations swept through Nijmegen. The first was Operation Argument, which led to the bombardment of 22 February 1944 and caused the death of almost 800 citizens. The second was Operation Market Garden which resulted in great losses – both military and civilian – and in the liberation of Nijmegen from the German occupation. These events led to two different interpretations of Nijmegen as a symbolic space, which conflict with each other. The opposing interpretations of space cause frustration and conflict in the collective memory. My paper is an attempt to explore how the conflict provoked by the opposing interpretations of a symbolic space, affects the collective identity and how this conflict is being resolved and visualized in physical, public spaces by monuments and commemorations of the events. 7 Carnival Volume 20, October 2020 Introduction To establish connections with events of the past, a community needs a medium which serves as a link between past and present. This medium can be oral traditions, written or visual sources, actions and rituals, but space itself can also serve as a medium.1 In the process of remembering, one needs space where those images can be placed which construct the memory. Space can be endowed with symbolic meanings, since spaces where significant events took place are storages of memory.2 These spaces can become symbolic if the symbolic content is understood and accepted by the community.3 However, a physical place can be endowed with different symbolic meanings which are, though present in the same community, oppositional in their meanings. Thus, conflicting symbolic interpretations can emerge within a community which transform physical space into a battlefield of the power struggle over collective memory. The aim of this paper is to explore how conflicting interpretations of a symbolic space affect the identity of a community. The subject of the research is the Dutch city of Nijmegen, where after the events of the Second World War, two opposing interpretations of the happenings were materialized. On the one hand, Nijmegen can be interpreted as the symbolic space of destruction, which meaning emphasizes the German invasion of the Netherlands and the horrors of the liberation. On the other hand, it can be interpreted as a symbolic space of liberation, these understandings put emphasis on the victory of the Allied forces and the liberation of the 1 Peter Burke, “A történelem