Mapping and Socio-Economic Profiling of Communities of Return in the Gambia COUNTRY REPORT Mai 2018 IOM – Gambia This report has been produced with the financial support of the European Union. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official views of the European Union or the International Organization for Migration. The designations used and the presentation of all the contents of the report do not imply any expression on the part of the European Union or the IOM concerning the legal status of a country, territory, city, or region, or their borders or boundaries. Neither the European Union nor the IOM make guarantees, express or implied, on the accuracy or completeness of this report. In no event will they be liable for any loss, damage, liability, or expense incurred or suffered as a result of the use of this report, including, without limitation, any fault, error, omission, interruption, or delay in this regard. 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As an intergovernmental organization that joined the United Nations in September 2016, IOM works with partners in the international community to address the practical challenges of migration, to better understand migration issues, to promote economic and social development through migration, and promote effective respect for human dignity and the well being of migrants. 2 Samuel Hall is an independent think tank providing research and strategic services, expert analysis, tailored counsel and access to local knowledge for a diverse array of actors operating in the world’s most challenging environments. We specialise in socio-economic surveys, private and public sector studies, and impact assessments for a range of humanitarian and development actors. With a rigorous approach and the inclusion of academic experts, field practitioners, and a vast network of national researchers, we access complex settings and gather accurate data. We bring innovative insights and practical solutions to addressing the most pressing social, economic, and political issues of our time. Samuel Hall has offices in Afghanistan, Kenya and Germany. For more information, please visit www.samuelhall.org This report was commissioned by the Regional Office for West and Central Africa of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the research was conducted by Samuel Hall. The opinions expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the views of IOM. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of Samuel Hall. The report should be quoted in the following format: Samuel Hall (2018). Community mapping of areas of return to the Gambia, for the Regional Office for West Africa and the Centre of the International Organization for Migration. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................. 9 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................. 10 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE COUNTRY CONTEXT ........................................................................... 12 MIGRATION GOVERNANCE IN THE GAMBIA ................................................................................ 12 REGIONAL AND ORGANISATIONAL CONTEXT OF THIS REPORT ................................................... 14 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................ 16 2. ECONOMIC DIMENSION ......................................................................................................... 22 SOCIAL PROFILE OF RETURNEES AND HOST COMMUNITY MEMBERS ......................................... 24 PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS ................................................................................................. 28 LABOUR MARKET OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................... 34 3. SOCIAL DIMENSION ................................................................................................................ 41 EDUCATION .................................................................................................................................. 42 ACCESS TO SERVICES .................................................................................................................... 46 4. MIGRATION EXPERIENCE ET PSYCHOSOCIAL DIMENSION .................................................... 53 ASPIRATIONS AND MOTIVATIONS FOR DEPARTURE .................................................................... 54 SOCIAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL INCLUSION ...................................................................................... 60 CONCLUSION: DURABLE SOCIOECONOMIC VULNERABILITIES......................................................................... 63 5. IDENTIFICATION OF COMMUNITY NEEDS FOR BETTER REINTEGRATION............................... 64 6. STAKEHOLDER MAPPING .................................................................................................... 66 7. COMMUNICATION FOR DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................. 72 OBJECTIVE OF THE C4D APPROACH FOR THE GAMBIA .............................................................. 72 TOWARD A C4D STRATEGY FOR THE GAMBIA............................................................................ 73 8. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IOM - GAMBIA .......................................................................... 75 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IOM GAMBIA ............................................................................ 75 SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE ASSSESSED COMMUNITIES ........................................ 76 ANNEX 1. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 125 ANNEX 2. ADDITIONAL FINDINGS FROM COMMUNITY PROFILING............................................. 128 ANNEX 3. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS ..................................................................................... 137 ANNEX 4. KEY INFORMANTS INTERVIEWS ................................................................................. 138 ANNEX 5. SELECTION OF 25 INITIATIVES IMPLEMENTED IN SOCIO-ECONOMICALLY DEPRIVED COMMUNITIES ......................................................................................................................... 143 4 ANNEX 6. COMMUNICATION FOR DEVELOPEMENT (C4D) –CONCEPTUEL APPROACH ................. 147 ANNEX 7. POSSIBLE APPROACHES FOR C4D PROGRAMMING .................................................... 149 ANNEX 8. INDICATIVE LIST OF COMMUNITY, INDIVIDUAL, AND LEARNING INDICATORS ............ 155 5 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1. List of areas surveyed .............................................................................................................. 16 Table 2. Communities where returnees resettled ................................................................................ 18 Table 3. Data collection targets and achievements .............................................................................. 20 Table 4. Surveys per community, by gender and age ........................................................................... 21 Table 5. Qualitative tools for research .................................................................................................. 21 Table 6. Synthesis of key socio-economic indicators - (gender, migration profile) ............................. 26 Table 7. Employment rates for 20-34 year olds, by gender and migration status ............................... 26 Table 8. Skills held by gender and community (multiple responses) ................................................... 29 Table 9. Skills desired by gender and community (multiple responses)............................................... 31 Table 10. Perception of most important recruitment criteria .............................................................. 33 Table 11. Preferred recruitment platform/approach ........................................................................... 33 Table 12. Interest in training, by gender and migration profile (multiple responses) ......................... 35 Table 13. Income and job search by community and gender ............................................................... 37 Table 14. Interest in and obstacles to entrepreneurship by gender and community (multiple options) .............................................................................................................................................................. 39 Table 15. Interest in and obstacle(s) to entrepreneurship by migration status (multiple options) ..... 40 Table 16. Highest school level reached and school dropout rate by community................................