Master's Thesis

Master's Thesis

MASTER’S THESIS Investigating the societies and environments of the solarpunk genre. Ei undersøking av samfunna og miljøa til sjangeren solarpunk. Kristian Lund Stokka Children and Young Adults’ Literature Department of Language, Literature, Mathematics and Interpreting Supervisor: Zoltan Varga Submission Date: 14.05.21 I confirm that the work is self-prepared and that references/source references to all sources used in the work are provided, cf. Regulation relating to academic studies and examinations at the Western Norway University of Applied Sciences (HVL), § 12-1 1 Forord: Takk til Zoltan, for god rettleiing undervegs i skriveprosessen. Takk til Marie, verdas beste kone, for at du har hjelpt meg, støtta meg og motivert meg heile vegen. Takk til Knut som stilte opp og las seg gjennom heile oppgåva. Takk til alle i klassen for hyggeleg lag gjennom tida på lesesal og klasserom. Takk til alle på skriveseminaret mitt for gode tilbakemeldingar og god støtte i skriveprosessen. Takk til alle andre, som har bidratt til godt humør og god stemning på lesesalen. Til slutt, takk til deg som les denne oppgåva, kos deg! 2 Samandrag Denne masteroppgåva ser på kva som kjenneteiknar samfunna og miljøa som vert skildra i den litterære sjangeren solarpunk. Klima- og miljøkrisene er to store kriser i verda i dag, som det finnes ulike løysningar på frå ulike folk, om korleis den skal løysast. Sjangeren solarpunk har eit spesielt fokus på desse krisene og sjølv om forteljingane ikkje alltid spesifikt nemner klima- og miljøproblem, er miljøet og klimaet viktig i dei aller fleste forteljingane. Difor er det interessant å setje søkjelyset på ein sjanger som prøvar å gje sine svar på korleis ein skal løyse eller leve med miljøet, og klima- og miljøproblema. For å fokusere på dette, ynskte eg i denne oppgåva å svara på den overordna problemstillinga: Kva slags samfunn presenterer den litterære sjangeren solarpunk, og korleis relaterer desse samfunna seg til klima og miljøet, og til ulike klima- og miljøutfordringar?. Dette spørsmålet, i tillegg til fleire relevante forskingsspørsmål for kvart av dei teoretiske perspektiva djupøkologi, sosial teori med fokus på sosial økologi og posthumanisme, har hjelpt meg å belyse temaa eg ynskte å undersøke. For å svare på dette spørsmålet har eg delt ni ulike noveller, frå tre antologiar, inn i dei tre teoretiske perspektiv nemnd ovanfor. Perspektiva fungerte som linser til korleis eg analyserte og diskuterte dei ulike novellene. Novellene vart òg analysert ved hjelp av metoden nærlesing, ved dei narrative elementa plot, karakter og setting. Funna frå analysane og diskusjonane viser at relasjonen mellom den enkelte karakteren og det fellesskapet den karakteren er ein del av, er særs viktig. Nesten alle novellene viser at den enkelte sine handlingar kan ha stor betydning for samfunnet. Eit anna sentralt funn er at settingen, altså stad, har stor betydning innanfor sjangeren. Det ser ein blant anna gjennom at i mange av novellene, så vert karakterane påverka av staden dei lever, der dei ofte slit med tørke eller andre miljø- og klimaproblem. Det siste funnet eg her ynskjer å trekkje fram er dei ulike måtane solarpunk søkjer å løyse både dei sosiale og dei miljø- og klimamessige problema sine. Det gjev seg blant anna uttrykk gjennom posthumanistiske trekk, individuell kreativitet og kanskje viktigast av alt, gjennom samarbeid. 3 Abstract This thesis investigates what characterises the societies and the environments that are portrayed within the literary genre solarpunk. The environmental crisis is a large crisis in the world today, with many different ideas from various people, on how to deal with it. The genre solarpunk has a special focus on this crisis and though the stories do not always portray environmental issues, the environment is important in almost all stories. Therefore, I found it interesting to look closer at a genre that tries to give its answers on how one should solve or live with the environment and the environmental issues. To enlighten this genre, I sought in this thesis to answer the following overarching question: What type of societies does the literary genre of solarpunk present and how do these societies relate to the environment and environmental issues? This question, in addition to other relevant research questions for each of the theoretical approaches’ deep ecology, social theory with an emphasis on ecology, and posthumanism, have helped enlighten the topics I wanted to investigate. To answer the overarching question, I have divided nine different short stories, from three anthologies, into the three theoretical approaches mentioned above. The approaches functioned as my lenses to how I analysed and discussed the different novels. The short stories were also analysed through the method of close reading, by the narrative elements of plot, character, and setting. The findings from the analyses and discussions showed that the relationship between the character and community, of which that character is part, is very important. Almost all the short stories show that the actions of one person can be of great importance to society. Another central finding is that the setting, that is place, is very important in the genre. This is for example seen through, that in many short stories, the characters are affected by the place they live, where they often may struggle with drought or other environmental issues. The last finding, I want to highlight here, is the different ways that solarpunk seeks to solve the social- and environmental issues they have. This is among others expressed through posthumanistic traits, individual creativity and maybe most important of all, through collaboration. 4 Content 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 8 1.1 Thesis topic and research questions .................................................................................... 8 1.2 Description of material ....................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Structure of the thesis ........................................................................................................ 15 2. Theoretical perspectives and methodology ......................................................................... 17 2.1 Ecocriticism: a general overview of the theories of ecology ............................................. 18 2.2 Deep ecology ...................................................................................................................... 21 2.3 Posthumanism .................................................................................................................... 23 2.3.1 Redesigning humanity ................................................................................................. 24 2.3.2 Posthumanistic views on humanity ............................................................................. 26 2.4. Social theory ...................................................................................................................... 29 2.4.1 Social ecology .............................................................................................................. 29 2.4.2. Dystopia and utopia .................................................................................................... 33 2.5. Analysing literature - Close reading and the narrative elements of plot, character, and setting. ...................................................................................................................................... 34 2.5.1 Close reading ............................................................................................................... 34 Plot .................................................................................................................................... 35 Character ........................................................................................................................... 36 Setting ............................................................................................................................... 38 3. Analysis and Discussion ........................................................................................................ 39 3.1 Deep ecological perspective ............................................................................................... 39 3.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 39 3.1.2 “Pop and the CFT” by Brandon Crilly (2017) from the Sunvault: Stories of Solarpunk and Eco-Speculation anthology ............................................................................................ 40 Plot .................................................................................................................................... 40 Character ........................................................................................................................... 42 Setting ............................................................................................................................... 44 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 45 3.1.3 “The Spider and the Stars” by D.K. Mok, from the Glass and Gardens: Solarpunk Summers anthology .............................................................................................................

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