THE SENSES: A COMPREHENSIVE REFERENCE THE SENSES: A COMPREHENSIVE REFERENCE Volume 4 OLFACTION AND TASTE Volume Editors Dr Stuart Firestein Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Dr Gary K. Beauchamp Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA Advisory Board Dr Allan I. Basbaum Dr Akimichi Kaneko University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Keio University, Tokyo, Japan Dr Gordon M. Shepherd Dr Gerald Westheimer Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA First edition 2008 Copyright ª 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved The following article is a US Government work in the public domain and is not subject to copyright: PSYCHOPHYSICS OF PAIN TREATMENT OF HEARING LOSS: VIRAL TRANSFECTION Copyright ª 2008 A Lalwani No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (þ44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (þ44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. 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www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Contents Contents of All Volumes ix Contributors to All Volumes xv Introduction to Volume 4 xxxv Dedication xxxvii Olfaction & Taste 4.01 Phylogeny of Chemical Sensitivity 1 B W Ache, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA J M Young, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA 4.02 Chemistry of Gustatory Stimuli 27 G E DuBois, The Coca-Cola Company, Atlanta, GA, USA J DeSimone and V Lyall, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA 4.03 Insect Gustatory Systems 75 John I Glendinning, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 4.04 Aquatic Animal Models in the Study of Chemoreception 97 J Caprio, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA C D Derby, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA 4.05 Ultrastructure of Taste Buds 135 J C Kinnamon and R Yang, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA 4.06 Development of the Taste System 157 Robin F Krimm, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA Linda A Barlow, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA 4.07 The Sweet Taste of Childhood 183 J A Mennella, Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA 4.08 Taste Analgesia in Newborns 189 V Anseloni, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, USA M Ennis, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA 4.09 Taste Receptors 197 M Max, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA W Meyerhof, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany 4.10 Taste Transduction 219 S C Kinnamon, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA R F Margolskee, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA v vi Contents 4.11 Gustatory Pathways in Fish and Mammals 237 M C Whitehead, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA T E Finger, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA 4.12 Neurotransmitters in the Taste Pathway 261 R M Bradley, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 4.13 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Study of Taste 271 A Faurion, Neurobiologie Sensorielle, NOPA-NBS, INRA, Jouy en Josas, France T Kobayakawa, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan B Cerf-Ducastel, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA 4.14 Amiloride-Sensitive Ion Channels 281 J A DeSimone and V Lyall, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA 4.15 Central Neural Processing of Taste Information 289 D V Smith, The University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, TN, USA S P Travers, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA 4.16 Neural Ensembles in Taste Coding 329 A Fontanini, S E Grossman, B A Revill, and D B Katz, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA 4.17 A Perspective on Chemosensory Quality Coding 339 M E Frank, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA 4.18 Oral Chemesthesis and Taste 345 C T Simons, Global Research and Development Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA E Carstens, University of California, Davis, CA, USA 4.19 Genetics and Evolution of Taste 371 J D Boughter, Jr., University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA A A Bachmanov, Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA 4.20 Propylthiouracil (PROP) Taste 391 D J Snyder, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA V B Duffy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA J E Hayes, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA L M Bartoshuk, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 4.21 Salt Taste 401 G K Beauchamp and L J Stein, Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA 4.22 Behavioral Analysis of Taste Function in Rodent Models 409 S J St. John, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL, USA A C Spector, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA 4.23 Flavor Aversion Learning 429 I L Bernstein, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 4.24 Roles of Taste in Feeding and Reward 437 T Yamamoto and T Shimura, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 4.25 Dopamine Release by Sucrose 459 A Hajnal and R Norgren, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA 4.26 The Representation of Flavor in the Brain 469 E T Rolls, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 4.27 The Aging Gustatory System 479 S S Schiffman, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 4.28 Signal Transduction in the Olfactory Receptor Cell 499 H Takeuchi and T Kurahashi, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Contents vii 4.29 Olfactory Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channels 511 M-C Broillet, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland 4.30 Structure, Expression, and Function of Olfactory Receptors 527 K Touhara, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan 4.31 Regulation of Expression of Odorant Receptor Genes 545 A Tsuboi and H Sakano, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 4.32 Genomics of Odor Receptors in Zebrafish 553 J Ngai and T S Alioto, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 4.33 Genomics of Invertebrate Olfaction 561 J D Bohbot, R J Pitts, and L J Zwiebel, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA 4.34 Regeneration of the Olfactory Epithelium 591 J E Schwob, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA R M Costanzo, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA 4.35 Regeneration in the Olfactory Bulb 613 P-M Lledo, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France 4.36 Architecture of the Olfactory Bulb 623 C A Greer, M C Whitman, L Rela, F Imamura, and D Rodriguez Gil, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA 4.37 Physiology of the Main Olfactory Bulb 641 M Ennis, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA A Hayar, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA 4.38 Olfactory Cortex 687 D A Wilson, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA 4.39 Modeling of Olfactory Processing 707 C Linster and T A Cleland, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA 4.40 Understanding Olfactory Coding via an Analysis of Odorant-Evoked Glomerular Response Maps 719 B A Johnson and M Leon, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA 4.41 Insect Olfaction 725 G Galizia, Universita¨t Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany 4.42 Odor Plumes and Animal Orientation 771 M A Willis, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA 4.43 Accessory Olfactory System 783 Frank Zufall, Trese Leinders-Zufall, and Adam C Puche, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 4.44 Genomics of Vomeronasal Receptors 815 I Rodriguez, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland 4.45 Human Olfactory Psychophysics 823 Brad Johnson, Rehan M Khan, and Noam Sobel, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA 4.46 Disorders of Taste and Smell 859 R L Doty and K Saito, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA S M Bromley, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Camden, NJ, USA Index 889 Contents of All Volumes Volume 1 Vision I 1.01 The Visual System and Its Stimuli 1.02 Evolution of Vertebrate Eyes 1.03 Vision in Birds 1.04 Vision in Fish 1.05 Phototransduction in Microvillar Photoreceptors of Drosophila and Other Invertebrates 1.06 Central Processing of Visual Information in Insects 1.07 Color in Invertebrate Vision 1.08 Visual Ecology 1.09 Mammalian