Index A naftifine hydrochloride, 209 Albaconazole, 208 nail abrasion, 210 Allylamines, 205 tavaborole topical solution, 209 Alternaria alternata, 88, 90 Apple cider vinegar (ACV), 216 Ambulation disorders Arthroconidium, 7 asymmetrical gait nail unit syndrome, 187 Aspergillus, 62 biomechanical problems, 187–188 A. niger, 88 Amphotericin B, 205 Asymmetrical gait nail unit syndrome, 187 Antifungal drugs Azoles, 205 allylamines, 205 amphotericin B, 205 azoles, 205 B echinocandins, 205 Black nail pigmentation, 97 5-fluorocytosine, 205 Black superficial onychomycosis, 90 griseofulvin, 205 naftifine, 205 pigmented onychomycosis, 98 C systemic Candida, 4–5 albaconazole, 208 causes, 73 fluconazole, 207 clinical features, 76–77 itraconazole, 208 C. parapsilosis, 75, 80, 91 miconazole, 208 culture, SDA, 106–107 posaconazole, 208 diagnosis pramiconazole, 208 biochemical tests, 79 ravuconazole, 210 clinical presentation, 77–78 terbinafine, 205, 208, 210 culture, 79, 80 voriconazole, 208 DNA sequencing-based tests, 80 topical laboratory tests, 79 ciclopirox hydro-lacquer, 209 microscopy, 78–79 2-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-5-­ nail examination, 78 methylphenol, 210 route of, 77 efinaconazole, 209 epidemiology, 74–76 iontophoresis, 210 PSO, 47–48, 52 laser nail ablation, 210 significant negative effects, 73–74 laser therapy, 210 Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser system, 195 luliconazole, 210 Cellulitis, 4, 22, 165–167 microporation, 210 Chlorazol black, 78, 105 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 223 A. Tosti et al. (eds.), Onychomycosis, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44853-4 224 Index Ciclopirox hydro-lacquer, 209 toenail debridement, 171 Classical superficial white onychomycosis, 37, topical ciclopirox nail lacquer, 172 38 Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 52 Contact dermatitis Distal lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO) clinical features, 148, 149 clinical features, 26–30 diagnosis, 155 complications, 22 epidemiology, 148 contact dermatitis, 148 Cycloheximide, 53, 67–68 dermoscopy, 133 diagnostic clues, 30–32 differential diagnosis, 142 D drug-induced onycholysis, 152–153 Deep superficial white onychomycosis, 37–39, epidemiology 64, 65 diabetes, 24 Dermoscopy fingernail, 25 black pigment aggregates, 138 prevalence, 23 black reverse triangle, 138 risk factors, 23–24 blurred appearance, 138 and tinea pedis, 24, 25 distal irregular termination, 135, 137 two feet-one hand syndrome, 25, 26 fungal melanonychia, 135, 137 fungal infection intermediate nail plate invasion, 64–65 patterns of, 5 jagged proximal edge, onycholytic area, progression of, 21, 22 135, 136 lichen planus, 144 longitudinal striae, 135, 136 nail psoriasis, 142–143 matte black pigmentation, 138 non-dermatophytic molds, 64–66 multicolored pigmentation, 138 onycholysis, thyroid disease, 151 nail pigmentations, 134 pachyonychia congenita, 149–151 pigmented onychomycosis, 92 physical symptoms, 22 PSO, 50 subungual tumors, 144–148 superficial transverse striation, 138 traumatic onycholysis, 148–149 SWO, 35, 36 yellow nail syndrome, 151–152 Diabetics DLSO. See Distal lateral subungual biomechanics, 170 onychomycosis (DLSO) distal subungual onychomycosis, 171 DNA extraction, 114–115 foot ulcer, 170 DNA sequencing-based tests, 80 long-standing hyperglycemia, 170 Drug-induced onycholysis mycotic toenail infections, 169, 170 clinical features, 152–153 with neuropathy, 170 diagnosis, 156 pedal ambulation, 170 epidemiology, 152 predisposing factors, 170 photo-onycholysis, 152–153 prevalence and risk factors, 169–170 taxanes, 153 shoe gear and systemic tetracyclines, 152 immunosuppression, 170 Drug longitudinal melanonychia, 95, 96 tinea pedis, 171 Dual wavelength 870/930 nm laser therapy, 195 treatment antifungal therapy, 171 concomitant tinea pedis, 171 E drug therapies, 171 Echinocandins, 205 efinaconazole, 173 Efinaconazole, 198–199, 209 insulin-dependent, 172 Endonyx onychomycosis (EO), 6 laser therapy, 173 clinical features, 58 nail debridement, 171–172 diagnosis, 58, 59 non-insulin-dependent, 172 epidemiology, 58 oral itraconazole therapy, 172 nail invasion pattern, 57 oral terbinafine, 172 Exostosis, 145–146 Index 225 F ABCDEF guidelines, 155 Fluconazole, 207 mimickers, 147–148 5-Fluorocytosine, 205 pigmented onychomycosis, 96–98 Fungal melanonychia. See Pigmented Methyl aminolevulinate (MAL), 68 onychomycosis Miconazole, 208 Fungal nail infections. See Onychomycosis Microporation, 210 Mimickers diagnostic clues, 155–156 G distal subungual (see Distal subungual Gene target, 116–117 onychomycosis) GMS. See Grocott methenamine silver (GMS) proximal subungual (see Proximal staining subungual onychomycosis) Granuloma, Candida, 77 white subungual (see White subungual Grocott methenamine silver (GMS) staining, onychomycosis) 53, 124 Mixed pattern onychomycosis (MPO), 6 Griseofulvin, 205 N H N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), 89 Hematoma Naftifine, 205, 209 mimickers, 149 Nail(s) pigmented onychomycosis, 94 abrasion, 210 Host defense, 89 pigmentation Hutchinson’s sign, 96–98, 147 dermatoscopy, 97 I drug longitudinal melanonychia, Iontophoresis, 210 95, 96 Itraconazole, 208 longitudinal melanonychia, 95 melanoma, 96–97 racial longitudinal melanonychia, K 93–94 KOH. See Potassium hydroxide (KOH) subungual nevus, 96 plate composition, 6 L DSLO, 27–28 Lacquer-based topical therapies, 198 electron microscopy, 124 Laser nail ablation, 210 EO, 58, 59 Laser therapy, 193–195 evaluation, 93 Laugier-Hunziker syndrome, 95 hematoma, 94 Lichen planus jagged/sharp edges, 166 clinical features, 144 longitudinal nail biopsy, 125, 126 epidemiology, 144 pigmented distal subungual Longitudinal melanonychia onychomycosis, 65–66 drug, 95 SWO, 36 endocrine, 95 TDO, 134 racial, 93, 94 psoriasis squamous cell carcinoma with, 147 clinical features, 142–143 Luliconazole, 210 epidemiology, 142 leukonychia, 143 splinter hemorrhages, 143 M subungual hyperkeratosis, 143 MAL. See Methyl aminolevulinate Nail bed lichen planus, 155 (MAL) Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet Maladie dermatophytique, 46 (Nd:YAG) laser, 194 Melanoma Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, 66, 87, 97 226 Index O flow cytometry, 128–129 Onycholysis fluorescence microscopy, 128 Candida, 77 foot ulceration, 167 drug-induced onycholysis, 152–153, 156 fungal culture, 113, 132 DSLO, 26, 27, 29 gangrene, diabetic patients, 167 proximal, 154 histopathology, 110 thyroid disease Candida onychomycosis, 125, 127 clinical features, 151 dermatophytes, 124 diagnosis, 156 diagnosis, 123 epidemiology, 151 hematoxylin and eosin stain, 124 toenail onychodystrophy, 185 histological examination, 125, 126 traumatic, 148–150, 156 nail biopsy, 124, 125 Onychomycosis nail clippings, fungal stains, 124 animal models, 8 PAS staining, 124, 125 antifungal drugs home remedies allylamines, 205 ACV, 216 amphotericin B, 205 bleach and tea tree oil, 216 azoles, 205 Listerine, 216 echinocandins, 205 oil of oregano, 216 5-fluorocytosine, 205 Vicks VapoRub, 216, 217 griseofulvin, 205 hyphae and spores, 108–109 naftifine, 205 immunohistochemistry, 128–129 terbinafine, 205, 210 interdigital tinea pedis, 166 antimycotics, 205, 206 KOH examination, 132 arthroconidia, 7 laser therapy, 193–195 biopsy, 108 medical devices, 200 biotin, 200 mild inflammation and fissuring, 165 Candida (see Candida) molecular techniques, 110 causes, 4 non-dermatophytic molds clinical assessment, 200 causes and prevalence, 61–62 clinical subtypes deep white superficial onychomycosis, DLSO, 133 64 fungal melanonychia, 134 diagnosis, 67–68 SPO, 134 DLSO, 64–66 SWO, 133–134 epidemiology, 62, 63 TDO, 134 pigmented onychomycosis, 65–67 clinical suspicion, 4 PSO, 64 cosmesis, 200 treatment, 62, 68 culture noninvasive diagnostic tool Candida spp., 106–107 (see Dermoscopy) Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, 108, 109 Nuvail, 200 Trichophyton rubrum, 108 optical coherence tomography, 128–129 dermatophyte process, 8 oral antifungals, 220 dermatophytoma, 106 pathogens, 4 in diabetics (see Diabetics) patterns of, 5 diagnosis, 114–117, 132 DLSO, 6 diffusion treatments, 206–207 EO, 7 DLSO (see Distal lateral subungual PSO, 7 onychomycosis (DLSO)) SO, 6–7 DNA-based rapid diagnostic techniques, TDO, 7, 8 129 phase-contrast hard X-ray microscopy, EO (see Endonyx onychomycosis (EO)) 128–129 epidemiology, 132–133 pigmented onychomycosis (see Pigmented examination, 105, 106 onychomycosis) Index 227 predisposing factors Paronychia, 76, 77 causes, 11–12 PAS stain. See Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain genetic and non-modifiable risk factors, PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 12–13 Pediatric onychomycosis medical factors, 13–16 chemical avulsion, 178–179 physical and environmental factors, 16 distal lateral subungual type, 176 prevalence of, 4 genetic predisposition, 175 procedures laser therapy, 179 abrasion therapy, 192 melanocytic lesion, 176 carbon dioxide lasers, 193 photodynamic therapy, 179 "cold-steel" procedures, 193 prevalence, 175–176 concomitant oral or topical antifungal surgical avulsion, 178 therapy, 192 systemic antifungals, 177–178 iontophoresis/ultrasound, 193 topical antifungals, 178 negative galvanic current, 193 treatment, 176 occlusive urea, 193 Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain radio-wave electrical energy, 193 EO, 58 prognostic factors histopathological role, 124 comorbid conditions, 162 PSO, 53 disease severity, 161 Peripheral arterial disease, 16 genetic mutations, 162 Periungual warts, 144–145 immunosuppression, 162 Phaeoid agents, 87 patient’s health status, 162 Photodynamic therapy (PDT), 68, 195 treatment failure, 162 Pigmented onychomycosis PSO (see Proximal subungual biological features, 88–89 onychomycosis