REPORT 4. Horsebacks, sandstone channels and areas..........15 OF THE 5. Coal analyses, boiler tests. .....................................17 STATE BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 6. Coal seams. Thickness of the coal formation. .......20 OF MICHIGAN 7. Bangor coal and rider..............................................21 FOR THE YEAR 1905 8. Lower coal and rider................................................21 9. Saginaw coal and Middle rider................................22 ALFRED C. LANE 10. Lower Verne..........................................................23 STATE GEOLOGIST 11. Thickness of the Lower Verne. .............................24 BY AUTHORITY 12. Character of the foot and roof of the Lower Verne.25 13. Lower Verne Rider. ...............................................25 LANSING, MICHIGAN WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS 14. Upper Verne Coal. ................................................25 1906 15. Thickness of the Upper Verne. .............................26 GEOLOGICAL REPORT ON BAY COUNTY 16. Character of the foot and roof of the Upper Verne.27 BY 17. The Verne coals in Garfield and Mt. Forest W. F. COOPER townships. ....................................................................27 Michigan Geological Survey 18. The Upper Rider....................................................28 19. Thickness of the Upper rider.................................29 Published by the Board of Geological Survey, as part of the Annual Report for 1905, Pages 135-426. 20. Character of the foot and roof of the Upper rider..29 21. The Salzburg coal and rider..................................30 CHAPTER IV. FORMATION OF THE SOILS AND Contents SUB-SOILS—THE QUATERNARY................................31 Letter of Transmittal ....................................................... 2 1. Thickness of the drift. ..............................................31 2. Subdivisions of the drift...........................................35 CHAPTER I. HISTORICAL, INTRODUCTION................ 2 3. Moraines; the lake history. ......................................37 1. Position..................................................................... 2 4. Early beach formations. ..........................................37 2. Area of Bay County. ................................................. 2 5. The Algonquin beach. .............................................41 3. Railroads. ................................................................. 2 6. The Nipissing beach................................................42 4. Linear Survey. .......................................................... 3 7. Distribution and structure of surface deposits, shell 5. Maps and Surveys.................................................... 3 beds..............................................................................42 6. Historical................................................................... 5 CHAPTER V. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND 7. Previous geological work.......................................... 5 DRAINAGE......................................................................44 8. Recent Work............................................................. 6 1. Introduction, acknowledgements. ...........................44 CHAPTER II. GEOLOGICAL COLUMN.......................... 7 2. Temperature and precipitation, air and water 1. Introduction............................................................... 7 temperature variation. ..................................................45 2. Quaternary; soils and sub-soils. ............................... 7 3. Elevation of Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron.............48 3. Coal Measures. ........................................................ 8 4. Tilting of the Great Lake Basin................................49 4. Parma sandstone. .................................................... 8 5. Fluctuations of mean lake level...............................49 5. Upper Grand Rapids—Maxville or Bayport. ............. 8 6. Table showing fluctuations of Lake Huron..............50 6. Lower Grand Rapids................................................. 8 7. Explanation of contour map. ...................................51 7. Upper Marshall or Napoleon. ................................... 9 8. Kawkawlin river and its South Fork.........................52 8. The Lower Marshall.................................................. 9 9. The North fork of the Kawkawlin. ............................53 9. Brines of the Marshall sandstone. ............................ 9 10. Drainage in northern Bay county. .........................53 10. Coldwater shale...................................................... 9 11. Bay county drains..................................................53 11. Sunbury or Berea Shale. ...................................... 10 12. Tables of elevations—Railroads. ..........................54 12. Berea Grit. ............................................................ 10 CHAPTER VI. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, WATER 13. Antrim shale.......................................................... 10 SUPPLY...........................................................................54 14. Traverse group—Marcellus shale. ....................... 11 1. Introduction. ............................................................54 15. Dundee or Corniferous. ........................................ 12 2. Salt industry. ...........................................................54 CHAPTER III. COAL FORMATION............................... 12 3. Shales and fire clay.................................................55 1. Introduction, Coal Map, and Sections. ................... 12 4. Road metal..............................................................57 2. History of Coal Development.................................. 12 5. Soils.........................................................................58 3. Drift filled channels. ................................................ 13 6. Muck land................................................................59 Annual Report 1905 -- Bay County–Cooper – Page 1 of 76 7. Sandy soils. ............................................................ 59 CHAPTER I. HISTORICAL, 8. Clay soils. ............................................................... 59 INTRODUCTION. 9. Water supply........................................................... 59 10. Well records.......................................................... 65 1. Position. Bay county, appropriately named from its situation on List of Illustrations the western and southern shore of Saginaw Bay, is further bounded on the east by Tuscola county, situated Plates at the base of the "Thumb "of Michigan, on the south by Saginaw county, on the west by Midland and Gladwin Plate V. Map showing location of drill holes for coal in T. 13 counties, and on the north by Arenac county. Bay City, N., R. 4 E........................................................................12 which is situated in the southern part of the county, is in Plate X. Tipple of Wenona Beach mine.................................25 longitude 80° 50' west, and latitude 43° 36' north, as given on the chart of the U. S. Lake Survey. Plate XI. Air coal cutting machine, Wenona mine..................25 Plate XIII. The Algonquin cut beach in section 33 of Merritt It embraces in the U. S. Government Linear Survey, nine township. ........................................................................41 full and seven fractional townships, the latter being along the shore of Saginaw bay with the exception of Plate XIV. The Algonquin beach, showing the shelf about half Frankenlust township, which is in the southern part of way down. Located near the east quarter post of section the county. Townships 13 to 18 north and ranges 3 to 6 15, Kawkawlin township, T. 15 N., R. 4 E.......................41 east fall within its limits. Plate XV. Glaciated erratic in the N. W. ¼ of the N. E. ¼ of section 34, T. 14 N., R. 5 E.. ..........................................42 2. Area of Bay County. The area as determined by a planimeter, from the LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Government township plats in the office of the Land Commissioner at Lansing, is approximately 450.29 OFFICE OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST, square miles. Of this amount 86.11 square miles is east LANSING, MICHIGAN, Jan. 22, 1906. of Saginaw river; 3.96 square miles is occupied by the To the Honorable, The Board of Geological Survey of river and the Middle Ground. The balance amounting to the State of Michigan: 360.22 square miles is west of Saginaw bay and the Saginaw river. The area and location as determined Hon. Fred M. Warner, President. from the same Linear Survey sheets, of the different Hon. W. J. McKone. important civil divisions given in the Bay county atlas Hon. Patrick H. Kelley, Secretary. published in 1896, is as follows: Gentlemen:—I herewith transmit for publication as part of your report for 1905, the following report on Bay county by W. F. Cooper. It represents a great deal of work on his part in compiling lines of levels and records of coal exploration, and I trust may be of service to the people of that county, especially in the development of the coal. The salt industry and bromine which might be developed in connection near the west line of the county, cannot satisfactorily be treated by counties. The full notes of the various drain lines, which he found in various hands and compiled, I have however, omitted, as they would be of interest to so few, to avoid undue expense, but they may be consulted in my office, or in that of the