TransformationsoftheOrientalinthe ArchitecturalWorkofJurajNeidhardtand DušanGrabrijan AThesis SubmittedtotheUniversityofNewSouthWales FortheDegreeof DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY By DijanaAli FacultyoftheBuiltEnvironment TheUniversityofNewSouthWales Sydney,Australia, 2010 Inmemoryofmyparents,NadijaandTeofikAli Contents TRANSFORMATIONSOFTHEORIENTALINTHEARCHITECTURALWORKOFJURAJ NEIDHARDTANDDUŠANGRABRIJAN.....................................................................I Abstract..........................................................................................................................................i Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................iii ListofFigures................................................................................................................................v ListofPublications........................................................................................................................ix Glossaryofterms..........................................................................................................................xi Chapter1Introduction:ArchitectureandIdeologyintheWorkofDušanGrabrijanandJuraj Neidhardt....................................................................................................................................13 Thescopeofthethesis:thewritingsofGrabrijanandNeidhardt..................................................15 Scopeoftheargument:theroleofarchitectureincreatinganationalidentity............................17 Thesiscontribution:architecture,identityandpoliticsofculture.................................................19 Theoreticalframework:overlappingfieldsofarchitecture,identity,cultureandpoliticsof Yugoslavia.....................................................................................................................................23 Thesisoutline:thedevelopmentoftheargument.........................................................................29 PARTONE:DEVELOPINGATHEORETICALFRAMEWORK......................................35 Chapter2TheKunstwollenofBosnia..........................................................................................37 ‘Nottofindanew,buttoshowitanew’:Plenik’sarchitectureandteaching..............................38 IdentifyingthesignificanceofBašaršija.......................................................................................52 Historicyes,butnotsignificant:theproblemsofIslamicheritage.................................................54 TheoriginsandtransformationsofBašaršija,fromthetowncentretothehistoricprecinct.......58 TheAustro–Hungariantransformations:fromtowncentretohistoricprecinct............................66 Thesearchfortherelevanceofhistoricfabric...............................................................................7 4 Themodernityofpast:‘LeCorbusierandSarajevo’......................................................................79 Theauthenticityofpast:‘Turkishhouse,itssourcesandprinciples’.............................................84 Conclusion:roleofarchitectureinestablishingnationalclaims....................................................88 Chapter3BašKaršija’sContributiontotheNewMasterPlanofSarajevo:theIslamicasOriental.91 Anurbanvisionofamoderncity:‘SarajevoandItsSatellites’.......................................................92 Theoldprecinctandthenewcity...............................................................................................100 SearchingforOrientalsecrets.....................................................................................................102 TheimpactofLeCorbusier’sviews.............................................................................................111 Bašaršija:‘surgeryormedication’..............................................................................................115 Thenewsatelliteminingtowns...................................................................................................119 Individualhouses:modernhouseswithOrientalparts................................................................125 Conclusion:TheOrientoftheoldtownandthemodernityofnewsuburbs................................131 Chapter4BosnianOrientalasanArchitecturalExpressionofSocialistIdeology........................135 TheYugoslavcommunistartisticagendaandaresistancetotheparticular................................137 Thechangingpoliticalcontext:Tito–Stalinconflict......................................................................145 Tito’ssearchfor‘our’architecture..............................................................................................147 ArchitectureofBosniaandtheWayTowardsModernity:a‘syntheticintegrationoftheold experiencesandnewsocialistneeds’.........................................................................................149 Redefiningthegroundsuponwhichanationisconstructed.......................................................155 ThequalitiesembeddedinBosnianOriental...............................................................................172 ContributionofBosnianOrientaltoYugoslavia...........................................................................175 Conclusion:ArchitectureisacarrierofthepoliticalmessageofmulticulturalBosnia.................182 PARTTWO:APPLICATION..................................................................................185 Chapter5TransformingtheTheoreticalintoanArchitecturalAgenda:theMahalaandaršijaas ArchitecturalPrototypesofBosnianModernExpression............................................................187 TransformingBašaršija:anewapproachtothestudyofaršijaandmahala............................187 Thevaluesofmonuments:abstraction,lightandscale...............................................................194 Thevaluesofthetraditionalhouse(Bosanskakua)..................................................................200 ThepragmaticsofBosanskakua:thesecularvaluesandrationalgroundingofthetraditional house..........................................................................................................................................202 Transformingreligiousintosecularvalues..................................................................................207 TheemotionalvaluesattachedtoBosanskakuIa.......................................................................211 Thedictionary:integratingthepragmaticsandpoetics..............................................................212 Conclusion:theuniversalandtheparticularoftheBosnianOrientalhouse...............................217 Chapter6TransformingtheCity:theNewaršijaastheThemeParkofSocialismandtheDesign oftheParliamentHousePrecinct...............................................................................................219 Bašaršijaandsocialisturbanpolices..........................................................................................220 PastandpresentreunitedintheNewaršijaproject:athemeparkofsocialistBosnia.............224 Marindvorprecinctandthedesignofsocialistmodernism.........................................................241 Historicalcontinuityandprogressivedevelopmentofculture....................................................244 ThebuildingoftheNationalAssembly........................................................................................247 Postscript:Bašaršijaasacentreofcollectiveidentity...............................................................250 Chapter7DiscussionandConclusions.......................................................................................255 Overviewandconclusions..........................................................................................................255 Contribution:changingformationsofidentity............................................................................259 Contemporaryandfuturerelevance:wardestructionandthemeaningsofarchitecture...........262 Bibliography..............................................................................................................................269 Booksandarticles.......................................................................................................................269 SelectedbibliographyofGrabrijan’spublications:......................................................................282 Websites....................................................................................................................................288 Abstract Thisthesisexploresthecorrelationbetweenarchitecturalexpressionandpolitical ideology inthe workoftwo prominentpost–WorldWarTwo Yugoslav architects, DušanGrabrijanandJurajNeidhardt.Itfocusesontheircollaborativearchitectural writings,namely‘SarajevoandItsSatellites’(1942),publishedduringtheproNazi governmentoftheIndependentStateofCroatia,andArchitectureofBosniaandthe WayTowardsModernity(1957),producedatthepeakofYugoslavsocialism.Both publications explored the relevance of the Ottoman/Islamic built heritage to the creationofamoderncitybutonlyinthelatterdidtheauthorsidentifythislegacyas asuitablecatalystforthecreationofaBosnianmodernarchitecturalexpression. This change in position, the thesis argues, developed in relation to the 1950s nationalistdiscourseinYugoslaviaand,morespecifically,thesocialistledvalidation oftheBosnianMuslimcommunitythroughthelatter’sofficialrepresentationfrom areligioustoanationalgroup.GrabrijanandNeidhardt’sconceptionoftheBosnian Oriental expression as a ‘synthesis of old