Journal of Air Transportation VOLUME 10, NUMBER 2 – 2005 ISSN: 1544-6980 Library of Congress Catalog Number HE9761.1 J68 Journal of Air Transportation Volume 10, Number 2 – 2005 Brent D. Bowen, Editor ©2005, Aviation Institute, University of Nebraska at Omaha Published by: Aviation Institute University of Nebraska at Omaha 6001 Dodge Street Omaha, Nebraska 68182-0508 USA Phone: (402) 554-3424 Fax: (402) 554-3781 E-mail: [email protected] World Wide Web: http://jat.unomaha.edu Printed by: University of Nebraska Medical Center Printing Services Published as a not-for-profit service of the Aviation Institute. Funded in part by a grant from the NASA Space Grant College and Fellowship Program. The University of Nebraska is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity institution. About the Journal of Air Transportation The mission of the Journal of Air Transportation (JAT) is to provide the global community immediate key resource information in all areas of air transportation. The goal of the Journal is to be recognized as the preeminent scholarly journal in the aeronautical aspects of transportation. As an international and interdisciplinary journal, the JAT will provide a forum for peer-reviewed articles in all areas of aviation and space transportation research, policy, theory, case study, practice, and issues. While maintaining a broad scope, a focal point of the journal will be in the area of aviation administration and policy. Development: The JAT was conceptualized to fulfill an international void of scholarly publications in this area as identified by the primary organizers. It is envisioned that aviation leaders will utilize the JAT as a key decision-making tool. Scholarly rigor and standards will be uncompromised with regular evaluation by the Editorial Board and Panel of Reviewers. Scope: The JAT accepts manuscripts on all topics that relate to air transportation, both technical and non-technical. The Panel of Reviewers represents the interdisciplinary nature of air transportation to ensure review by recognized experts. Broad categories of appropriate topics include, but are not limited to: Aviation Administration: Management, Economics, Policy, Fixed Based Operations, Employment & Internships, Marketing; Airport Planning, Design & Development: Capacity & Delay, Small Aircraft Transportation Systems (SATA), Air Transportation Systems— Domestic & International; Aviation Law: Air Traffic Control, Regulation Process, Privatization; Airlines & Cargo: Logistics, Transport Operations, Air Carrier Training, Low Cost Airlines, Intermodal Transportation; Education & Training: Aviation Education, Cognitive Factors & Learning Styles, Instructional Techniques, Distance Learning, Aviation/Aerospace Psychology & Safety, Human Factors & Crew Resource Management; Technology: Engineering, Aerospace Structures, Propulsion & Performance, Avionics, Geographic Information Systems, Simulation, Electronic Signal Processing, Electronic Markets & Internet, Meteorology & Weather Services; Future Advancements: Space Transportation & Flight, General Aviation, Forecasting. Dissemination: The JAT is catalogued at key research libraries world wide, including the U.S. Library of Congress. It is also indexed in Aviation Tradescan, EBSCO Online, ProQuest Information and Learning Online, the National Research Council TRIS Index, and ERIC Resources in Education. In The JAT is available on-line at the National Transportation Library at the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation. © 2005, Aviation Institute, University of Nebraska at Omaha About the Journal of Air Transportation addition, the JAT is available through inter-library loan at the University of Nebraska at Omaha and the Transport and Telecommunications Institute in Latvia via accessing the global OCLC inter-library loan network. A permanent archive is maintained at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. Annual subscriptions are available on CD-ROM for $35 for individuals and $99 for institutions. Hard copies may be available pending special request. Add $20 for subscriptions outside the U.S.A. Payments may be made by check or purchase order to the UNO Aviation Institute. Host Organization: University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO)–Nancy Belck, Chancellor; John Christensen, Vice Chancellor for Academic and Student Affairs Co-Sponsor Organizations: American Society for Public Administration–Wendy Haynes, Chair, Transportation Section Air Transport Research Society–Tae Oum, Chair NASA Nebraska Space Grant Consortium–Brent Bowen, Director NASA Space Grant College and Fellowship Program–Diane DeTroye, Interim Program Director Transport and Telecommunications Institute, Latvia–Eugenye Kopitov, Rector Supporting Organizations: Aviation Institute, UNO–Brent Bowen, Director Center for Public Affairs Research, UNO–Jerome Deichert, Director College of Public Affairs and Community Service, UNO–B.J. Reed, Dean School of Public Administration, UNO–Russell Smith, Chair University Library, UNO–Janice Boyer, Dean JAT Personnel: Executive Editor: Brent Bowen, Aviation Institute, UNO (AI-UNO) Co-Editor: Igor Kabashkin, Transport & Telecommunications Institute, Latvia Assistant Editor: Sarah Lucas, AI-UNO Manager, Technology-Based Educational Systems: Scott Vlasek, AI-UNO Library Liaisons/Advisors: John Reidelbach, University Library, UNO Publication Specialist: Melanie Kiper, Layout and Copy Editor, Center for Public Affairs Research, UNO Panel of Reviewers Reviewers are appointed by the Editor to represent all elements of aviation and space transportation scholarship and practice. An appointment to the Panel of Reviewers recognizes professional and academic achievement. Appointments are for a three-year term with the option of renewal. For membership consideration, submit a curriculum vita or industry resumé to Dr. Brent Bowen, Executive Editor. Anthony Adamski Respicio A. Espirito Santo Jr. Eastern Michigan University Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Julio Aguilar Jay Evans Solvciones en Regulaciones y Mercados, National Business Aircraft Association Mexico Mary Fink Andreas Antoniou NASA Nebraska Space Grant & EPSCoR Commonwealth Secretariat, England E. Terence Foster Deak Arch University of Nebraska at Lincoln Ohio University Kevin Garrity Herbert Armstrong Utah State University College of Aeronautics Terry Gibbs Kenneth Barnard University of Nebraska at Kearney Kansas State University Allen Hamilton John Bertrand Federal Express Middle Tennessee State University Fred Hansen Dispasis Bhadra Oklahoma State University CAASD/The Mitre Corporation John W. Horine Jon L. Bryan Central Missouri State University Bridgewater State College Sajjad Jasimuddin Gerald Chubb University of South Hampton Ohio State University Randy Johnson David M. Conway Auburn University Southeastern Oklahoma State University Alexander Kalmykov Gerald N. Cook SABRE Airline Solutions Spirit Airlines Craig A. Kanske Milford L. Coor Sky Views, LLC. International Aviation Law Consultant John M. C. King James Crehan Aviation & Tourism Management, Australia South Dakota State University Valery Kutev Khalid Durani Transport and Telecommunications Institute, Karachi, Pakistan Latvia Bassel El-Kasaby John S. Lainos University of Nebraska at Omaha Athens, Greece Steve Erb Mike Larson United States Department of Transportation University of Nebraska at Omaha About the Journal of Air Transportation Thomas Lawton Stephen Rutner Imperial College, University of London, Georgia Southern University England Mary Sandy Chien-Tsung Lu Old Dominion University Central Missouri State University Michaela Schaaf Jacqueline Luedtke University of Nebraska at Omaha Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Greg Schwab Rebecca Lutte Indiana State University University of Nebraska at Omaha Mark Sherman William McCurry Ohio University Arizona State University Mary M. Snow Patrick J. McKinzie Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Minnesota State University Kim Jeffrey Stevens Juan Merkt Aeronautics Division of ADOT Ohio University Vadim Stroitelev Keith A. Mew Air Navigation Service, Latvia California State University at Los Angeles Yoshinon Suzuki Terry Michmerhuizen Iowa State University Duncan Aviation K. Victor Ujimoto Boris Misnevs University of Western Ohio Transport and Telecommunications Institute, Bijan Vasigh Latvia Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Massoum Moussavi Timothy Vowles University of Nebraska at Lincoln Victoria University of Wellington, New Patrick O’Neil Zealand University of Nebraska at Omaha Elizabeth Ward Dale Oderman NASA Langley Research Center Purdue University Thomas R. Weitzel Manoj Patankar Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Parks College of Engineering and Aviation Marc Wilson Michael W. Pearson AMES Consulting, Inc. Arizona State University Michael R. Witiw Anthony Perl Certified Consulting Meteorologist University of Calgary Irina Yatskiv Stephen Quilty Transport and Telecommunications Institute, Bowling Green State University Latvia Dawna Rhoades Malcolm Yeo Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Edith Cowan University, Australia Robert Ripley Shelley Yeo Auburn University Curtin University of Technology, Australia Jose R. Ruiz Jule Zumwalt Southern Illinois University, Carbondale Museum of Flight, Seattle, WA Table of Contents Volume 10, Number 2 – 2005 Guest Editor Introduction .............................................................................. 1 Articles Aviation Transportation Research Society Mitigation Alternatives for Carbon Dioxide Emissions by the Air Transport Industry in Brazil ...............................................