Aureus depicting the head of Trajan and the same extending his hand to children (103-111 CE) Published on Judaism and Rome (https://www.judaism-and-rome.org) Aureus depicting the head of Trajan and the same extending his hand to children (103-111 CE) Aureus depicting the head of Trajan and the same extending his hand to children (103-111 CE).jpg [1] Denomination: Aureus Date: 103 CE to 111 CE Material: gold Mint: Rome Actual Location (Collection/Museum): British Museum. R.7566. Name of Ruler: Trajan Obverse (Image and Inscription): Image: Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Trajan looking to right Inscription: IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P Reverse (Image and Inscription): Image: Trajan, togate, standing left, holding roll in left hand, extending right hand towards boy and girl Inscription: COS V PP S P Q R OPTIMO PRINC // ALIM ITAL Weight (g): 7.11g Commentary: RIC II, Trajan, no. 93, p. 250 (var. cuirassed bust). This aureus was minted between 103 and 111 CE (the legend actually refers to Trajan as COS V, and we know that he became consul for the fifth time in 103 CE and for the sixth time in 112 CE). It depicts on the obverse the head of Trajan, and on the reverse the emperor extending his hand to children. The inscription on the obverse and reverse of the coin celebrates Trajan as imperator, Augustus, Germanicus, Dacicus, pontifex maximus, holder of the tribunicia potestas, consul for the fifth time, pater patriae (father of the fatherland), and optimus princeps, or best ruler. The scene depicted on the reverse and the legend ALIM(enta) ITAL(iae), which can be translated as “the alimentary foundations of Italy,” show that this coin had been minted in order to commemorate one aspect of Trajan’s action in favour of the children of the plebs. Before analysing this coin, it is important to make some general remarks about the different food or cash donations that existed during the imperial period, and the policy led by Trajan in that domain. To deal with this question the panegyric of Trajan, which is a longer and more elaborated version of the speech that Pliny the Younger addressed to Trajan in 100 CE in order to thank the emperor on the occasion of Pliny’s accession to the suffect consulship, is an important source. In § 25-28, Pliny enumerates the donations accomplished by Trajan when he became emperor. We learn that he offered a congarium, that is an exceptional cash donation. The persons who received the congarium were: members of the plebs frumentaria, that is male adult citizens who lived in Rome or who came from Rome and were registered on a list that granted them the right to receive for free a monthly ration of public grain (they probably represented between 150 000 and 200 000 citizens during the imperial period, see Lo Cascio, “Le procedure,” p. 23-58); persons who were allowed to take part exceptionally in the frumentationes (monthly distributions of free grain); and also some categories of the population that were not part of the plebs frumentaria, suchas some children (Virlouvet, “Les difficultés,” p. 264, n. 10). In § 25 Pliny praises Trajan for having divided equally the congarium, but also for having been attentive that all the peoples who were eligible could receive their own share (note that a second congarium took place in 103 CE, after the first Dacian War, and a third after the second Dacian war, possibly in 107 CE; Lamotte, “L’œuvre de Trajan,” p. 189, n. 4). In the passage of the Page 1 of 5 Aureus depicting the head of Trajan and the same extending his hand to children (103-111 CE) Published on Judaism and Rome (https://www.judaism-and-rome.org) panegyric in which Pliny deals with the congarium the author adds that thanks to his liberalitas the emperor sought, found, and registered (adscivit) 5000 children. These 5000 children were male children, sons of Roman citizens from the Urbs who had thus been granted the privilege to receive exceptionally the congarium of 99 CE (other emperors such as Augustus had in the past also granted some children this kind of right), but also to benefit from the frumentationes probably up to the age of their maturity when they may have been integrated among the plebs frumentaria for their whole life – this second point was a novelty (on the status of these 5000 children see Lamotte, “L’œuvre,” p. 193-218; Virlouvet, La plèbe frumentaire, p. 74-79). Finally, it is important to note that the members of the plebs who benefitted from the frumentationes were not indigent persons. The citizens who were part of the plebs frumentaria were modest citizens but they were integrated into the social and economical life of the Urbs. To take part in the frumentationes was first of all the privilege of the Roman citizen (see Virlouvet, La plèbe frumentaire, p. 43-82). However, Trajan’s actions in favour of the plebs were not limited to the citizens and the children living in the Urbs. During his reign he also decided to support some social groups living in Italy, and especially children, thanks to the creation of alimenta. It is the creation of these Italian alimenta by Trajan which is advertised and recalled in the coin presented here, as in various emissions minted in 103-111 CE and then in 112-114 CE. These various emissions bear on their reverse: a representation of Trajan standing and extending his arms towards two children (as is the case with the coin presented here and with RIC II, Trajan, no. 230, p. 259), a representation of Abundantia or of Annona holding ears of corns and cornucopia and having at their feet one child holding a roll (RIC II, Trajan, no. 243, p. 261; no. 459, p. 277; no. 604-605, p. 286-287); a representation of Abundantia stepping right (RIC II, Trajan, no. 606, p. 287); or a representation of Trajan seated, holding a sceptre and having before him a woman holding a child and with another child at her feet (RIC II, Trajan, no. 460-462, p. 278). All these coins have in common the legend ALIMENTA ITALIAE on their reverse (about these coins, see Lo Cascio, “Alimenta Italiae,” p. 287-288, who also associates them with other emissions bearing on their reverse the legend ITALIA RESTITUTA and depicting Trajan gesturing a personified Italia who is represented kneeling, holding globe, and escorted by two children). The alimenta were alimentary foundations, that could be private or public, and whose aim was to provide livelihood to impoverished and/or weak persons (for examples of private foundations, see Lamotte, “L’œuvre,” p. 191, n. 12). Concerning the alimenta in Italy, it is highly probable that they started to be instituted under the reign of Nerva (mentioned in Epitome de Caesaribus XII.4; see Lo Cascio, “Alimenta Italiae,” p. 287, n. 2). Trajan then continued and developed this system. He created Italian alimenta that were aimed at children only. These Italian alimenta were based on a system in which the fiscus granted loans to some voluntary Italian landowners under the condition that their lands were subject to a mortgage. In general, for each landowner the amount of the loan was about 8% of the stated value of his land, and the landowner had to pay to the city interest of 5% per year. It was this interest of 5% that formed the income that was granted by the municipalities to the children that were considered to have priority to receive it. The functioning of the Italian alimenta is known thanks to two alimentary tables of the reign of Trajan: the table of the Ligures Baebiani [2] (CIL IX, 1455 = ILS 6509; about this inscription see the two articles of Veyne, “La table des Ligures Baebiani” and Trajan and the ‘tabula alimentaria’ (CIL IX, 1455) [3]) and the table from Veleia [4] (CIL XI, 1147 = ILS 6675; about this inscription see Criniti, La tabula alimentaria) (more generally on the functioning of the Italian alimenta see Duncan-Jones, “The Purpose”; Lo Cascio, “Alimenta Italiae”; Lamotte, “L’œuvre,” p. 191-192, n. 14). Even if the social status of these Italian children remains debated, one essential condition that they had to fulfil was to be of free status, and their parents had to be part of the civic body of these Italian cities. It has been estimated that the amount of money that was granted per year to these Italian children who benefitted from these alimenta must have been less than around 200 sestertii, an amount of money that was relatively modest. Therefore, these alimenta may have been granted to the children who came from impoverished families (Lamotte, “L’œuvre,” p. 212). The amount of money granted to these Italian children can be estimated thanks to the alimentary table from Veleia that shows that the total of the interest received at Veleia was 55 800 sesterces, a total that was then distributed among 263 boys, 35 girls, and two illegitimate children. The boys received 16 sesterces a month, the girls 12, and the illegitimate children 12 and 10 respectively (see Criniti, La tabula alimentaria, p. 261). It has been recalled by Elio Lo Cascio that more than 50 cities are attested as having been involved in this programme, which represents slightly more than 10% of all the cities of the Italian peninsula. These numbers thus show that this alimentary programme had a large scope and probably concrete consequences regarding the helping of some impoverished groups living in Italian cities (Lo Cascio, “Alimenta Italiae,” p.