The Name of the Pelasgians ALBERT Je VAN WINDEKENS IN GREEK AND LATIN TEXTS THE PELASGIANS (Gk. lle:AOCayoE, Lat. Pelasgi) appear to have inhabited Greece- and adjacent areas and also Italy before the coming of the Greeks, Illyrians and Italics known in the historical periods.1 As for the origin of the name de- noting this people, three possibilities are to be taken into account: 10 IIeArlcryoL- Pelasgi is a genuinely Greek, Illyrian or Italic word; 20 it belongs to a pre-Greek (= pre-Illyrian and pre-Italic) non- Indo- European language; 30 there is also the possibility that the name is pre-Greek, but already Indo-European. The first view has been put forward by Kretschmer,2 who as- sumes that IIeAc<cryoLis the name given by the Greek invaders to a tribe whom they found in the Thessalian plain, and whom they called therefore "inhabitants of the plain". According to Kretschmer IIeArlcryoLcontains the true-Greek word 7CfArlY0C;,in its original mean- ing of "level space". The Greek historians and poets would have attached the name to all the autochthonous peoples of Greece. Kretschmer's explanation causes a serious morphological difficulty: in IIeArlayoL< * IIeArlY-crxo~the suffix -crxOC;,seems to function as a characteristic of an ethnic term. This is also the objection of Alessio,3 who defends the second hypothesis mentioned above : he regards IIeArlcryoL- Pelasgi as a borrowing from a "Mediterranean" language. From Alessio's point of view "Mediterranean" means "pre-Greek and non-Indo-Europ- ean". IIeArxcryoL- Pelasgi would be parallel in formation to the well-known Ligurian names in -asco, such as Bergamasco, COl1lasco, 4 etc. Alessio compares IIeA(rlcryoL), etc. with Gk. 7CEAArleAL3-0C;, 1 Cf. e. g. Krahe, Die Indogermanisierung Griechenlands und Italiens, Heidel- berg, 1949, p. 25 and pp. 33 f. 2 Rev. Intern. Itt. Balk. I, 1935, p. 382. 3 St. Eir. XIX, 1946-1947, pp. 166 ff. 4 Cf. also Krahe, Ortsnamen als Geschichtsquelle, Heidelberg, 1949, p. 13. 184 The Name of the Pelasgians 185 (Hesychius), cpe:AAe:O~"stony ground", etc. The Ile:AllayoL, etc. would have been "inhabitants of the rocky district; inhabitants of the rocks". It should be pointed out that against Alessio's assump- tion we have the fact that the name of the Pelasgians does not exist in the form * I1e:AllO'XOL,etc. and that the Ligurian names do not show in their suffixes the supposed alternative form *-asgo. Since the suggested Greek and "Mediterranean" explanations are not very persuasive, it seems reasonable to take into consider- ation the possibility of a pre-Greek Indo-European origin, and one is inclined therefore to seek for a solution in the light of the Pelas- gian theory:5 the term IleA~cryoL- Pelasgi itself may possibly be .assigned to the pre-Greek Indo-European language which has been called Pelasgian only because in Greek and Latin sources this is the general name for the predecessors of the Greeks and the Italics. Indeed, the Pelasgian hypothesis affords a very satisfactory inter- pretation: I1e:A~cryO£- Pelasgi can be derived fronl an Indo-Europ- ean form *bhelozgho-, which underwent three changes characteristic of the Pelasgian phonology: *0 >a;6 the dissimilation of the voiced aspirates *bh-*gh>*b-*gh;7 the sound-shifting *b>p and *gh>g.8 Examples of the first change are: Pel. &(jL~"slime, mud" = OHG waso "mud" <IE*~os-;9 Pel. 7tllp&evo~"maiden, girl" = Gk.7t6p't'L<; "calf, young maiden" <IE*por-th-;lO Pel. 't'&.pllv3o~"reindeer (or) elk", with 't'~p-= Gk. 3op(&.)"skin when taken off, hide" < IE *dor-,11 etc. An exampl;e illustrating both the second and the third change is Pel. 7tOPYo~"to\ver, fortress" = OHG burg, Goth. baurgs "stronghold, city" < IE *bhergh-, etc.12 Instances of the dissimil- ation and sound-shifting of other voiced aspirates are: Pel. x.e~(a)A~ "head" = Gk. Ke:CP~A~< IE *ghebhel-, etc. ;13 Pel. KLV3~~·e:UX.LV"f)'t'O~ (Hesychius), (ovO)X.£V3LO~"( donkey- )driver" corresponding ety- Inologically to Lat. de-fendo "to keep off", of-fendo "to push" < IE *gh1Jen-dh- ;14 Pel. x.a~&.AA"f)~"nag" ("E:PY&.'t'1l~t7t7to<;'~:Hesychius), which is related to OIr. gahu.l "forked bough, fork", OHG gabala, OE gafol, geafel "fork", etc. ~ IE *ghabh(o)l-: the primary meaning 5 Cf. my monographs: Le pe'lasgique. Essai sur une langue indo-europeenne pre- hellenique, Louvain, 1952; Oontributions a l'etude de l'onomastique pelasgique, Lou- vain, 1954. 6 Le pelasgique, pp. 3 f. 7 Ibid., p. 20. 8 Ibid., pp. 13 fI. 9 Ibid., p. 73. 10 Ibid., pp. 125 f. 11 I(Z LXXII, 1955, pp. 211f. 12 Le pelasgique, pp. 131 f. 13 Ibid., p. 98. 14 Ibid., pp. 98 fI. 186 Albert J. Van Windekens of XCX~&AA"f)~ has been "thill-horse, shaft-horse" (cf. Mod. Germ. Gabelpferd ).15 The reconstruction *bhelozgho-, once accepted, furnishes the clue for the right explanation of I1~ACt.Q'YOL - Pelasgi: in *bhelozgho- we may see an old compound of ~hich the last member *ozgho- occurs also in Gk. ocrxo~ "twig, shoot, sprig", Pahl. azg "bough", Mod. Pers. azay "twig, bud". IE *bhel- "to bloom", which is attested in several Indo-European languages (cf. e. g. Gk. ~UAAOV, Lat. loliunt "leaf", Lat. Ilos, Goth. bloma "flower", OHG bluojen, OE blowan "to bloom"), may be discovered in the first member. The original meaning of IE *bhel-ozgho- >. Pel. II::Acxcryo£ -- Pelasgi ,vould then have been "with blooming twigs (or) boughs", used metaphorically to denote men's vital power. Pel. Ile:AlXQ'Yo£ - Pelasgi < IE *bhel-ozgho- calls for two final remarks: IE *z is represented by Gk. cr; the name has been adapted to the Greek and Latin morphological structures: hence the endings -o~and -i, etc. of the thematic nouns.16 15 See a forthcoming paper in KZ. 16 Cf. Le pelasgique, p. 25 (Pelasgian loanwords in Greek). University of Louvain (BelgiuIn) Editor's Page Dr. Wilhelm F. H. Nicolaisen, assistant editor of "Scottish Studies," draws to the Editor's attention the existence of a section of "Notes on Scottish Place-Names" in that journal. He will welcome contri- butions from our readers relating to, the usage of transplanted Scottish place-names in the United States and Canada, as well as notes concerning the study and elucidation of such names in Scot- land. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED Beitrage zur Namenforschung, vol. 9, no. 1 Mededelingen, vol. 34, no. 1 Namn och Bygd, vol. 45, nos. 1-4 Scottish Studies, vol. 2, pt. 1.