Notes CHAPTER 1: THE PEOPLING OF AFRICA 1. For a first-hand account of investigations in the area, including assessment of the work of the Leakey family, see Johanson and Shreeve (1991). 2. Key works include Gutmann (1925, 1926, cf. also 1966), Smith (1927), Tempels (1959), Westermann (1937, 1949), and Young (1937, 1940). Very little of Gutmann’s work has been translated, but for an assessment in English see Winter (1979). For an assesment of Young see Forster (1989). 3. For overall assessments of Senghor see Hyams (1971) and Markovitz (1969). 4. Key works are Fanon (1967, 1964). For a brief overall assessment see Caute (1970). 5. Nyerere’s own thoughts are to be found in Nyerere (1966a, esp. 1–22 and 162–71). For a recent assessment see Legum and Mmari (1995). 6. Kaunda (1976) presents his own exposition of humanism. For comments see Meebelo (1973) and Ranganathan (1986). CHAPTER 2: THEORIES OF RACE AND ETHNICITY 1. For more detail concerning the Hindu notion of caste, see Chapter 5. 2. Such is what happened in 1979, when Tanzania invaded Uganda. It is true that this was provoked by illegal annexation by the Ugandan army of a part of northern Tanzania: but Tanzanian troops did more than recapture the territory, and proceeded into Uganda to spearhead the overthrow of Amin. CHAPTER 3: RACISM, RACIALISM AND SEGREGATION IN THE AFRICAN CONTEXT 1. For discussion of the historical situation in South Africa see Wilson and Thompson (1969); and Worden (1994). 2. Continuities in Afrikaner history are discussed in Patterson (1957). 3. The term ‘Bantu’ was used in South Africa to refer to South African Blacks, but was disliked by them. The use of the term to describe a group of languages (to which most but not all of those spoken by Black South Africans belong) is legitimate. 150 Notes 151 CHAPTER 4: EUROPEANS IN EAST AFRICA 1. For detailed treatment see Coupland (1968) and Davidson (1970). 2. The pattern of settlement in East Africa is discussed in Brett (1973: 163–234); Bennet (1970); Crowder (1970); and Smith (1976). 3. In British usage, ‘public’ schools are in fact privately run elite institutions, generally operating on the boarding principle. 4. The pattern of administration in respect of both Europeans and African is discussed in Mair (1967: 28–34, for Britain, and 42–48 for Belgium). 5. Clubs in Tanganyika are discussed in Tanner (1966); for Uganda see Sofer and Ross (1951) and Sofer and Sofer (1955: 110–111). For a comparable situation in West Africa, see Proudfoot and Wilson (1961). POSTSCRIPT: FRENCH AND PORTUGUESE COLONIAL RULE 1. For a full discussion of the development of the Portuguese empire see Boxer (1969). CHAPTER 5: ASIANS IN EAST AFRICA 1. For an inventory of the contents of Indian-owned shops (in this case in Malawi) see Mitchell (1956: 215); and Dotson and Dotson (1968: 56–74). 2. 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