ARRANGED MARRIAGES, BROKEN FAMILIES AND CONCERNED PARENTS: A “BOUNDED CHOICE” PERSPECTIVE ON COMMITMENT IN GRACE GOSPEL CHURCH Submitted by SEAN ALEXANDER JOHN SEMPLE (Student Number: 901356550) In fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF THEOLOGY (Christian Spirituality) School of Religion, Philosophy and Classics University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg. Supervised by PROF S. RAKOCZY August 2013 COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES DECLARATION - PLAGIARISM I, Sean Alexander John Semple declare that (i) The research reported in this dissertation, except where otherwise indicated, is my original work. (ii) This dissertation/thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university (iii) This dissertation/thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. (iv) This dissertation/thesis does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: (a) their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced; (b) where their exact words have been used, their writing has been placed inside quotations marks, and referenced. (v) Where I have reproduced a publication of which I am an author, co- author or editor, I have indicated in detail which part of the publication was actually written by myself alone and have fully referenced such publications (vi) This dissertation/thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the dissertation and in the References sections. Signed: Date: 09 December 2013 As the candidate’s Supervisor I have approved this dissertation/thesis for submission. Signed: Date: ABSTRACT Grace Gospel Church (GGC) is a small congregation that has met in various venues in Pinetown, KwaZulu-Natal since 2003. It is a partner church of the Mauritian-based organisation, Church Team Ministries International (CTMI), led by Miki Hardy. Hardy is a pastor who claims to have received a unique revelation from God, and he is considered to be an apostle by his followers. Grace Gospel Church and Church Team Ministries International have gained international attention due to claims that they exert a controversial influence over their members. This influence appears to induce a radical commitment to the partner church and CTMI, leading to behavioural, career and study changes, arranged marriages and estrangement between members and their families. Grace Gospel Church has been accused of being a cult, and this exploratory research questions whether this accusation has justification by comparing the group’s theology and practices against theological, psychological and sociological research on cults. Cult researcher Janja Lalich’s theory of “bounded choice” is described and used to evaluate the commitment witnessed in GGC. Bounded choice exists when, as a result of psycho- social group dynamics, a personal fusion occurs between the individual and the ideology and mores of the group. Out of this fusion, a charismatically committed “true believer” emerges who may appear to have personal freedom, but whose palette of choices is severely curtailed by the beliefs and practices of the group. “Bounded” decision making results which might appear irrational or repugnant to those outside the group, but to true believers represent their highest aspirations. This research indicates that GGC shares many characteristic features of typical cults and also promotes the conditions necessary for bounded choice to occur. It is thus concluded that GGC could legitimately be termed a cult, and that bounded choice is a valid explanation for the controversial choices made by its members. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated firstly, with love to my wife Cathy, and sons, Kyle and Lex, who supported and assisted me in my research, despite the sacrifices it entailed. And secondly, to the parents and families who have suffered much as a result of a loved one’s commitment to GGC or CTMI. “Weeping may remain for a night, but rejoicing comes in the morning.” (Psalm 30:5) TABLE of CONTENTS Chapter 1 “Finding meaning in Abnormal things” 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Methodology 3 1.3 Reflexivity 12 1.3.1 Reflexivity: The researcher 12 1.3.2 Reflexivity: The research subjects 13 1.3.3 Reflexivity: the relationship between researcher and research subjects 14 1.4 Ethics 15 1.5 Power 18 1.6 Subjectivity and the quest for objectivity 19 1.7 Overview of the dissertation 22 Chapter 2 Cult definitions and dynamics 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 The use of the term cult 23 2.3 Defining a cult 27 2.4 Psychological perspectives 28 2.4.1 Thought reform 29 2.4.2 Social psychology and group dynamics 36 2.4.3 Various cult definitions based on the psychological model 42 2.4.4 Psychological factors predisposing individuals to cult membership 48 2.5 Theological perspectives 49 2.6 Sociological perspectives 56 2.6.1 Defining cults sociologically 56 2.6.2 Sociological critiques of psychological perspectives on cults 59 2.6.3 Sociological critiques of theological perspectives on cults 61 2.7 Conclusion 67 Chapter 3 Janja Lalich and the bounded choice of the true believer 68 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Janja Lalich: professional profile 68 3.3 Group social dynamics 72 3.4 Lalich’s social dynamics framework 73 3.5 Boundedness 74 3.6 Lalich’s four-dimensional framework 75 3.6.1 The relational dimension: charismatic authority 75 3.6.2 The soteric dimension: the transcendent belief system 78 3.6.3 The control dimension: systems of control 80 3.6.4 The social controls dimension: systems of influence 81 3.6.5 The self-sealing system 83 3.7 Lalich’s cult definition 84 3.8 Recruitment of cult members 84 3.9 Commitment and conversion 86 3.10 Charismatic commitment and the creation of the true believer 88 3.11 Analytical use of the bounded choice framework 89 3.12 Conclusion 90 Chapter 4 Grace Gospel Church - Its beliefs, practices and opponents 93 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 The origins and development of Church Team Ministries International 93 4.3 The origins and development of Grace Gospel Church 97 4.4 Distinctive CTMI/GGC doctrines and practices 99 4.4.1 Apostolic anointing 100 4.4.2 The revelation of the cross 104 4.4.3 Revelation and heart supersede Scripture 106 4.4.4 The relationship of CTMI/GGC to the wider Church 107 4.4.5 Biological family superseded by the CTMI/GGC spiritual family 110 4.4.6 Arranged marriages 111 4.4.7 Fear-based control of members 113 4.4.8 The relationship of CTMI/GGC to the world 115 4.4.9 The kerygma of CTMI/GGC 117 4.4.10 Unorthodox and illegal activities 117 4.4.11 Claims of changed lives 120 4.5 Opposition to CTMI/GGC 121 4.5.1 Growing concerns about “broken families” 121 4.5.2 The formation of the Concerned Parents’ Group (CPG) 126 4.5.3 GGC and CTMI adopt a policy of non-engagement 127 4.6 Conclusion 129 Chapter 5 Evaluating Grace Gospel Church/Church Team Ministries International against the cult literature review 130 5.1 Introduction 130 5.2 Evaluating GGC/CTMI against theological perspectives on cults 130 5.3 Evaluating GGC/CTMI against psychological perspectives on cults 140 5.4 Evaluating GGC/CTMI against sociological perspectives on cults 152 5.5 Conclusion 157 Chapter 6 Evaluating GGC against Lalich’s theory of bounded choice 159 6.1 Introduction 159 6.2 Evidence of Lalich 4 dimensions drawn from testimonies 159 6.3 Evidence of Lalich’s four dimensions drawn from a survey of former members 167 6.3.1 Results 167 6.3.2 Evaluation of results 169 6.4 Bounded choice 170 6.5 Conclusion 170 Chapter 7 Conclusion and suggestions for further study 172 7.1 Review 172 7.2 Conclusion 173 7.3 Suggestions for further research 175 Appendix “A”: Documents 178 Appendix “B”: Questionnaire 217 Bibliography 224 Printed sources 224 Newspaper Articles 230 Blogs 231 Media 231 Electronic resources 232 ABBREVIATIONS CTMI Church Team Ministries International GGC Grace Gospel Church CTMI/GGC (or GGC/CTMI) Where something is synonymous with, or can be attributed to, both groups CPG The Concerned Parents’ Group Chapter One: “Finding meaning in abnormal things” 1.1 Introduction In July 2008, the respectable middle-class suburb of Westville, KwaZulu-Natal, was shaken at the murder of Johannes and Magdalena Lotter by their children, Hardus and Nicolette. The question of what motivated Hardus to strangle his father with an electric cord; incapacitate his mother with a stun gun, assault her with his fists and sit on her for fifteen minutes to restrain her so that his sister, Nicolette, could stab her to death1 kindled many debates and opinions. A pastor, Leon van Assenderp, testified that he had witnessed “signs of demonic possession in the Lotter siblings and co-defendant Matthew Naidoo shortly after the crimes.”2 The verdict ultimately pointed to the pathological but profound influence Matthew Naidoo, a self-professed “third son of God”, and also Nicolette’s former boyfriend, had over Hardus and Nicolette. Clinical psychologist, Professor Lourens Schlebusch argued that Naidoo had employed mind control to programme the siblings and he likened the case to the 1978 People’s Temple suicide, where 909 people died on the instructions of charismatic cult leader, Jim Jones. Although he did not assess Naidoo, Schlebusch said mind controllers were calculating and that the siblings lost control of their behaviour under Naidoo's influence: "Everyone wants to know their purpose.